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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ The relaunch of the carbon tax idea can be seen in a speech33 by the new European Commissioner for taxation, Algirdas Šemeta, announced a revision of the Energy taxation Directive34 of 2003 which would allow the imposition of a carbon tax in sectors not covered by the ETS. Fuel taxation as an EU resource would be relatively straightforward to introduce, because the EU directive on energy taxation allowed the creation of a harmonised tax base on all competing energy sources and imposed minimum tax levels. While the taxes do not accrue to the EU budget and it was not primarily intended to become an own resource35, the harmonised tax base allows for a quick introduction of a Community tax on fuel, which could be additional or a share of the existing taxes. The Commission’s 2004 report estimated that if the EU were to collect the revenue equal to the minimum rate for fuel taxation for road transport, it would practically cover most of the EU budget. Using the same methodology as the Commission report, Table 14 presents an estimation of the revenue today. This is approximately of €120 billion based on the 2007 road fuel consumption levels. Collecting this amount from the fuel tax to finance the EU budget is unlikely to be done, but shows that even a modest 2% of the minimum fuel tax would suffice to cover the required increase in the EU budget share of funding for R&D in energy, and that 20% to 30% of it would be enough to finance in addition the EU’s share of aid for the climate change adaptation needs in developing countries. The main caveat for using fuel taxes is the much higher fossil fuel intensities (fuel consumption per unit of GDP) in the poorer member states. The tax, at the level of the consumers, is regressive in terms of GNI between member states (see Table 19). The citizens of new member states, for example, would pay a higher contribution (71% more on average) compared to a contribution based on the GNI share36, this may cause difficulties in the Council, specially if the funds are used for research and development in energy. R&D in energy is concentrated mainly in the richest and most energy efficient member states. This repressiveness in relation to GNI will prevail for most uses of fossil fuels, thus expanding it to the use for heating or other uses will have a similar effect. This does not change the fact that as a fiscal resource for the EU, a carbon tax for fuel has most of the desirable characteristics for an own resource and focuses clearly on an EU objective. 33 “For A Post-Crisis World”, Tax Forum Brussels, 1 st March 2010 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/51&format=HTML&aged=0&language= EN&guiLanguage=en 34 Council Directive 2003/96/EC on restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, Official Journal L 283 of 31.10.2003. 35 The primary objective was to improve the internal market, increase environmental taxation and reduce fiscal pressure on labour. 36 The case of Luxembourg is very particular and caused by the lower fuel taxation. Inhabitants across the border refuel in Luxembourg, as well as haulier in transit. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 98 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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