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Assessment of Potential and Promotion of New Generation of Renewable Technologies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ANNEX OTEC Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between deep and surface water. OTEC plants can be distinguished into two concepts: • Closed cycle: the heat is transferred to a medium (e.g. NH3) which circulates in a closed loop. • Open cycle: the warm water is vaporized, fed into a steam turbine and condensed. Closed cycle OTEC uses warm seawater to vaporize a low-boiling-point liquid (e.g., ammonia, propane) that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The vapor is cooled and condensed back to a liquid by cold seawater at depth, and the cycle repeats. Open cycle OTEC vaporizes warm seawater by lowering the pressure and uses the resulting steam to drive a turbine. Much like closed-cycle OTEC, cold seawater condenses the vapor after it leaves the turbine in an open-cycle system. Besides electricity open cycle OTEC plants can generate desalinated water for the supply of drinking water. Figure 37 shows a typical layout for an open cycle OTEC plant including water desalination. Figure 37: Process scheme of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) Turbine 2nd stage evaporator 1838 kWe (gross) 1136 kWe (net) T = 11.1°C p = 1.29 kPa T = 10.5°C 25.32 kg/s T = 9.6°C 33.8 kg/s T = 18.2°C To reassorption gravitiy discharge Vent compressor 80 kWe Water for intercooler 102 kg/s Non condensible (gases) T = 16.2°C 1st stage main condenser T = 4°C 1st stage vent condenser Fresh water Fresh water 1.84 kg/s 24.0 kg/s Fresh water 59.6 kg/s 1st stage evaporator 34 kg/s T = 20°C 2nd stage vent condenser p = 2.18 kPa p = 2.32 kPa p = 2.74 kPa p = 2.76 kPa 26.1 kg/s T = 23.4°C T = 26°C Warm water supply Fresh water 2nd stage main condenser Mixed flow Pump: 14 kWe storage Cold water supply pump: 334 kWe T = 4°C Fresh water pump: 284 kWe 6156 kg/s S V 1999 Source: [Vega 1999] 3175 kg/s Finally, the hybrid design uses steam from boiled seawater to vaporize a low-boiling-point liquid, which then drives a turbine. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants can be built either on onshore or on offshore floating platforms or ships. If located onshore, the OTEC development could be used not only to generate electricity, but also to provide co- products such as desalinised water, coldwater for air conditioning, aquaculture and agriculture. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 129 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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