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Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Costs and lifespan Until now only a few OTEC plants have been built. In 1993 to 1998 a land based open cycle OTEC plant was in operation in Hawaii. The highest gross electricity output was 255 kW with a corresponding net electricity output of 103 kW. Additionally 0.4 l/s of desalinated water were produced. The turbine-generator was designed for an output of 210 kW for 26°C warm surface water and a deep water temperature of 6°C. For an OTEC plant with an electricity output of 1.126 MW the investment per kW of installed capacity ranges between 18,000 and 26,000 US$. For an OTEC plant with an electricity output of 10 MWe the investment is indicated with 11,000 to 15,000 US$ per kWe [Vega 1999]. Forseen developments and research areas To accelerate the development of OTEC systems, researchers need to: • Obtain data on OTEC plant operation with appropriately sized demonstration plants • Develop and characterize cold-water pipe technology and create a database of information on materials, design, deployment, and installation • Conduct further research on the heat exchanger systems to improve heat transfer performance and decrease costs • Conduct research in the areas of innovative turbine concepts for the large machines required for open-cycle systems • Identify and evaluate advanced concepts for ocean thermal energy extraction Energy effiency and lifespan The temperature of the deep water ranges between 4°C and 8°C. At a temperature difference of about 18 to 22°C an efficiency of approximately 3% can be archieved. Therefore a large water flow is required. There is a large water flow which might influence the ecology of the sea. A sustained flow of cold, nutrient-rich, bacteria-free deep ocean water could lead to sea surface temperature anomalies and biostimulation if resident times in the mixed layer and euphotic zone respectively are long enough. The euphotic zone is the upper layer of the ocean in which there is sufficient light for photosynthesis. This has been taken to mean the one percent- light-penetration depth (e.g. 120 m in Hawaiian waters). This is unduly conservative because most biological activity requires radiation levels of at least 10% of the sea surface value. Since light intensity decreases exponentially with depth the critical 10 percent-light- penetration depth corresponds to 60 m in Hawaiian waters. The analysis of specific OTEC designs indicate that mixed seawater returned to depths of 60 m results in a dilution coefficient of 4 (i.e. 1 part OTEC effluent is mixed with 3 parts of ambient water) and equilibrium (neutral buoyancy) depths below the mixed layer throughout a year. This water return depth also provides the vertical separation from warm water intake at about 20 m required to avoid reingestion to the OTEC plant. This value will vary as a function of ocean current conditions. It follows that the marine food web should be minimally affected and that persistent sea surface temperature anomalies should not be induced [Vega 1999]. Estimated potential and their EU deployment The minimum temperature difference amounts to about 22°C. The temperature of the deep water ranges between 4°C and 8°C. The temperature of the surface water depends on the region. The temperature of surface water in Cyprus (a location with relatively high temperatures in the EU) ranges between 16°C (January) and 28°C (June) leading to a temperature difference of 12°C (January) to 20°C (summer). Therefore, OTEC probably play only a minor (or even zero) role for the electricity generation in the EU. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2009-11 & 12 130 PE 440.278PDF Image | Policy Department Renewable Technologies
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