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3. 2 Discussion of Design Issues One challenge to any multi-vessel layout will be accommodation of thermal expansion, and the resulting stresses, in the crossducts connecting the vessels and components. At the expense of added pressure drop, one can employ “S” or “Ω” shaped crossducts. A more exotic approach would be the use of INVAR type alloys (3.1), which have thermal expansion coefficients that are a factor of two or three lower than those of conventional steels below about 400°C. The first resort, however, should be use of internal insulation inside both ducts and vessels. This will lead to cooler operating temperatures of pressure-bearing surfaces, and smaller heat losses—both of which are beneficial. All gas-cooled reactors share this problem; hence we should be able to exploit a useful reservoir of past experience and the fruits of current R&D (3.2). For the present, the straightforward approach of using nested thin annular metal shells separated by thin gas gaps appears attractive, since this is a proven means for reducing both radiation and conduction. Similar results can be achieved using less rugged materials/configurations such as ceramic wool or foam (but not solid ceramics, which have thermal conductivities roughly two orders of magnitude higher than gases). We are favored in this regard since CO2 has a factor of six or so lower thermal conductivity than He, and our S-CO2 cycle has a factor of roughly two lower ∆T between turbine inlet temperature and ambient. Nevertheless, crossduct stress analysis, both steady state and transient will play an important role—especially for the 440°C turbine outlet line; the other crossducts pose less of a problem: main compressor inlet at 32°C, outlet at 61°C; recompressing compressor inlet at 66°C, outlet at 153°C. The longer hot ducts from and to the IHX (at 550°C and 440°C) are easier to accommodate. At present we do not see any benefit to making them coaxial, as is common for direct cycle helium Brayton designs. 3.3 The Path Forward The least defined aspect of what we will henceforth designate as the “Mark II” layout is the arrangement of heat exchangers inside their pressure vessel. Most of our HeatricTM PCHE analyses to date have been for their older Z-flow configuration. It is important to upgrade this work to employ their recent multiported (MP) design which is completely countercurrent, and can employ zigzag (sawtooth) channels, leading to factor- of-two reductions in volume and cost. In a related development we have completed arrangements to purchase a 24 kW recuperator from HeatricTM for late summer delivery. Tests on this unit will help validate our computer models for HX design. It is our understanding that ANL is also planning performance tests of a PCHE for CO2 /CO2 and CO2 /H2O heat exchange (3.3). Should vessel size and transportability prove to be an unexpected problem, we could also consider using a prestressed cast iron vessel (PCIV) (3.4). These vessels are 23PDF Image | Report No: MIT-GFR-014 Topical Report 300 MWe Supercritical CO2 Plant Layout and Design
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