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ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 12, June 2013 1 Direct Method Generating power from waste heat typically involves waste heat utilization from internal combustion engine to generate mechanical energy that drives an electric generator. Electricity generation is directly from heat source such as thermoelectric and piezoelectric generator. A factor that affects on power generation is thermodynamic limitations for different temperature range.. The efficiency of power generation is heavily depended on the temperature of the waste heat gas and mass flow rate of exhaust gas. 1.1 Thermoelectric generation The exhaust pipe contains a block with thermo electric materials that generates a direct current, thus providing for at least some of the electric power requirements. In which two different semiconductors are subjected to a heat source and heat sink. A voltage is created between two conductors. It is based on the seeback effect. The Cooling and Heating is done by applying electricity. It is low efficiency approximately (2 to 5%) and high cost. Fig. 2 Thermoelectric Generator Fig. 2 shows thermoelectric generator and its components. Thermoelectric devices may potentially produce twice the efficiency as compared to other technologies in the current market [20]. Thermo Electric Generator is used to convert thermal energy from different temperature gradients existing between hot and cold ends of a semiconductor into electric energy This phenomenon was discovered by Thomas Johann Seebeck in1821and called the „„Seebeckeffect‟‟. The device offers the conversion of thermal energy into electric current in a simple and reliable way. Advantages of Thermo Electric Generator include free maintenance, silent operation, high reliability and involving no moving and complex mechanical parts. Recycling and reusing waste exhaust gas can not only enhance fuel energy use efficiency, but also reduce air pollution [21]. Thermal power technology such as the Thermo Electric Generator arises, therefore, significant attention worldwide. Thermo Electric Generator is a technology for directly converting thermal energy into electrical energy. It has no moving parts, is compact, quiet, highly reliable and environmentally friendly. Because of these merits, it is presently becoming a noticeable research direction. The mathematical model of a Thermoelectric Generator device using the exhaust gas of vehicles as heat source, and preliminary analysis of the impact of relevant factors on the output power and efficiency of Thermo Electric Generator .Analysis of model simulates the impact of relevant factors, including vehicles exhaust mass flow rate, temperature and mass flow rate of different types of cooling fluid, convection heat transfer coefficient, height of PN couple, the ratio of external resistance to internal resistance of the circuit on the output power and efficiency. The results of analysis shows that the output power and efficiency increase significantly by changing the convection heat transfer coefficient of the high-temperature-side than that of low-temperature-side. Pilot program is made to investigate the applicability of thermoelectric generators to the recovery of medium-temperature waste heat from a low-power stationary diesel engine. Experimental investigation to the optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum power outputs from the waste heat recovery system [23]. Study on waste heat recovery system by using thermoelectric generator from internal combustion engine reviews the main aspects of thermal design of exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) systems [24]. Analysis of thermoelectric generator for power generation from internal combustion engine shows results as 20% of energy releasing for the waste heat from engine. It is able to 30-40% of the energy supplied by fuel depending on engine load [25]. 1.2 Piezoelectric Generation It is used for low temperature range of 100 to 150 . Piezoelectric devices convert mechanical energy in the form of ambient vibration to electric energy. This is thin film membrane can take advantage of oscillatory gas expansion to create a voltage output. 1.3 Thermionic Generation It is thermoelectric device operate on thermionic emission. In this system a temperature difference drives the flow of electron through vacuum from metal to metal oxide surface at 1000 1.4 Thermo Photo-voltaic It converts radiant energy to electricity. Heating of emitter emits electromagnetic radiation. All direct electric conversion devices has low efficiency but it can be increased by nontechnology. Advantages in alternate power cycle may increases feasibility of power generation at low temperature. All this direct method of power generation devices are high cost and low efficiency. It can be easily handled and with compact in size. So, require minimum space. 2 Indirect Method 2.1 Rankine Cycle The system is based on the steam generation in a secondary circuit using the exhaust gas thermal energy to produce additional power by means of a steam expander. A special case of low temperature energy generation systems uses certain organic fluids instead of water in so-called Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). This technique has the advantage compared with turbo-compounding that does not have so an important impact on the engine pumping losses and with respect to thermoelectric materials that provides higher efficiency in the use of the residual thermal energy sources. Waste heat recovery from rankine cycle operated at low temperature difference using unconventional fluids (refrigerants, CO2, binary mixtures) is shown in fig. 3. At very low heat source temperature the trans-critical CO2 cycle produces highest net power output [26]. Rankine bottoming 97PDF Image | Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery for I.C. Engine
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