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advanced design. The thermal efficiency of the advanced design is close to 50% and the reactor system with the direct supercritical CO2 cycle is ~ 24% less expensive than the steam indirect cycle and 7% less expensive than a helium direct Brayton cycle. It is expected in the future that high temperature materials will become available and a high performance design with turbine inlet temperatures of 700oC will be possible. This high performance design achieves a thermal efficiency approaching 53%, which yields additional cost savings. The turbomachinery is highly compact and achieves efficiencies of more than 90%. For the 600 MWth/246 MWe power plant the turbine body is 1.2 m in diameter and 0.55 m long, which translates into an extremely high power density of 395 MWe/m3. The compressors are even more compact as they operate close to the critical point where the density of the fluid is higher than in the turbine. The power conversion unit that houses these components and the generator is 18 m tall and 7.6 m in diameter. Its power density (MWe/m3) is about ~ 46% higher than that of the helium GT-MHR (Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor). A by-pass control scheme is shown to be applicable to the supercritical CO2 cycle and exhibits an almost linear efficiency decrease with power. The use of inventory control is difficult since it controls the cycle by changing the operating pressure, which changes the split of the flow between two compressors that work in parallel. The change is so significant that the compressors cannot cope with it. This is mainly because of the current cycle design with a single shaft synchronized with the grid, which was chosen in order to simplify the plant layout, the start-up procedure and eliminate the need for a start up motor. Multiple shaft layouts or compressors with adjustable blade geometry would be necessary to overcome this problem. Since these modifications would increase the capital cost of the system they are not pursued in the present work, which emphasizes base-load performance. ixPDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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