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4 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE BRAYTON CYCLES ........................................................................................................................................ 73 5 6 7 4.1 BRAYTON CYCLE WITHOUT INTER-COOLING AND RE-HEATING .................................................... 73 4.1.1 Description of the Analysis ................................................................................................... 74 4.1.2 Pressure Ratio Studies .......................................................................................................... 75 4.1.3 Optimization Methodology for the Brayton Cycles............................................................... 80 4.1.4 Total Heat Exchanger Volume Studies ................................................................................. 85 4.2 RE-HEATED AND INTER-COOLED BRAYTON CYCLE....................................................................... 91 4.2.1 Re-heated Brayton Cycle ...................................................................................................... 92 4.2.2 Inter-cooled Brayton Cycle................................................................................................. 100 4.3 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 102 COMPOUND BRAYTON CYCLES ..................................................................................... 105 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 105 5.2 PRE-COMPRESSION CYCLE .......................................................................................................... 105 5.3 PARTIAL COOLING CYCLE........................................................................................................... 107 5.4 PARTIAL COOLING CYCLE WITH IMPROVED REGENERATION ...................................................... 108 5.5 RECOMPRESSION CYCLE ............................................................................................................. 109 5.6 COMPARISON OF ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL CYCLE LAYOUTS ................................................. 111 5.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 112 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF RECOMPRESSION CYCLE ..................................... 114 6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 114 6.2 PRESSURE RATIO STUDIES .......................................................................................................... 116 6.3 STUDY OF REQUIRED HEAT EXCHANGER VOLUME ..................................................................... 120 6.4 EFFECT OF MINIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE....................................................................... 129 6.5 EFFECT OF MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE............................................. 136 6.6 EFFECT OF PRIMARY SYSTEM OR INTERMEDIATE HEAT EXCHANGER PRESSURE DROP .............. 147 6.7 EFFECT OF RE-HEATING .............................................................................................................. 151 6.8 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 153 INDIRECT CYCLE ............................................................................................................... 156 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 156 7.2 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................... 158 7.3 PRIMARY LOOP DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................... 159 7.3.1 Helium Primary System ...................................................................................................... 159 7.3.2 Lead Bismuth Alloy Primary System .................................................................................. 160 7.4 HELIUM INDIRECT CYCLE ........................................................................................................... 161 7.4.1 Indirect Helium / Supercritical CO2 Recompression Cycle................................................ 161 7.4.2 Indirect Helium Single and Double Re-heated Supercritical CO2 Recompression Cycle .. 165 7.4.3 Comparison of Different Helium Indirect Cycle Options ................................................... 170 7.5 LEAD ALLOY / CO2 INDIRECT CYCLE.......................................................................................... 174 7.5.1 Comparison of Re-heated and Non-reheated Indirect Cycle.............................................. 176 7.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 180 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 182 8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 182 8.2 EVALUATION METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 182 8.3 COMPARISON OF STEAM AND HELIUM BRAYTON CYCLES FROM GCRA..................................... 183 8.4 COST OF HEA T EXCHANGERS ...................................................................................................... 188 8.5 COST OF TURBOMACHINERY ....................................................................................................... 190 8.6 DIRECT CYCLE COST ................................................................................................................... 192 8.6.1 Discussion of Changes for the Supercritical CO2 Cycle..................................................... 192 8.6.2 Cost Estimations ................................................................................................................. 197 8.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 200 xi 8PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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