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Fluid Name Ammonia Carbon Dioxide Hexafluorobenzene Perfluoropropane Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Hexafluoride Water Xenon Formula NH3 CO2 C6F6 C3F8 SO2 SF6 H2O Xe Critical Temperature (oC) 132.89 30.98 237.78 71.89 157.50 45.56 373.89 16.61 Critical Pressure (MPa) 11.28 7.38 2.77 2.68 7.88 3.76 22.10 5.88 Table 1.1 Critical conditions for different fluids There are few additional comments on Table be made. From the thermodynamic standpoint, the lower the temperature at which the cycle rejects heat the higher the cycle efficiency. Therefore, one would like to have a low critical temperature. On the other hand, if the critical temperature is too low it is difficult or even impossible to cool the working fluid sufficiently, because of the lower limit set by the terrestrial ambient temperature. That is another reason why CO2 if used in non- condensing cycles has the greatest potential for high efficiency since the maximum temperature difference is available. On the other hand if one would like to employ a condensation cycle the critical temperature should be high enough to prevent crossing of the critical temperature in the compression process and the consequential cavitation problems with pumps. From this point of view perfluoropropane or sulfur hexafluoride look the best. Since supercritical cycles are usually highly regenerative, in order to prevent large recuperator volumes the pressure should be high in order to minimize the effect of pressure drops on the cycle efficiency. From this point of view the latter two fluids have low critical pressure, and therefore higher operating temperature may be required in order to overcome the efficiency reduction related to pressure drop. CO2 has a critical pressure of 7.38 MPa, which means that the fractional pressure drops are low while the cycle still operates at manageable pressures. These considerations suggest that CO2 should be promising for use in a supercritical cycle with no condensation. The principal advantage of a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is its reduced compression work compared to an ideal gas such as helium: about 30% of gross power 3 1.1 that Feher did not stress, but shouldPDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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