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small speed of sound in CO2 provides a safety feature in limiting the gas flow rate in case of a major tube rupture. Three different cycle layouts were proposed, each for a different pressure level. The Brayton cycle with three compressors and two inter-coolers operated at the maximum pressures of 10 to 15 MPa. This cycle achieved efficiencies on the order of 35 to 40%. The same cycle with the addition of a re-heat stage operated at 18 to 25 MPa was capable of achieving efficiencies above 40%. The recompression cycle layout was used at high- pressures of 25 to 30 MPa and achieved even higher efficiencies but was penalized by the thick wall of the components. For the assumed maximum CO2 temperature of 520oC the net efficiencies of these three cycles were 33.42%, 35.14% and 35.30% respectively. This did not compare well to the superheated steam cycle net efficiency of ~41%. This indicates that the Brayton cycle with multiple inter-cooling and re-heating is capable of achieving about the same efficiencies as the recompression cycle. Unfortunately, these studies did not investigate the design of the particular components and therefore, a direct comparison of cycle capital costs is not impossible. In 1970 Strub and Frieder [Strub and Frieder, 1970] investigated the recompression CO2 cycle as an indirect cycle for helium cooled fast breeders. They claim the following advantages for using the indirect CO2 cycle: • Helium is preferred to CO2 as a reactor coolant due to its excellent cooling capabilities and inertness. • The reactor design and development is independent of the CO2 cycle development and the reactor can be used with any other indirect cycle. • Small leaks of CO2 into the helium side are less disturbing than a steam leak due to the similar nuclear properties of helium and CO2. The corrosion is also a smaller problem in such a case. • CO2 is much cheaper than helium (about 250 times per unit weight and 24 times per unit of volume) and its leakage problems in the gas turbine cycle are therefore orders of magnitude less severe than with helium 29PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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