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2.3.5 Binary Supercritical CO2 – Water Vapor Cycle Figure 2.18 shows another possible application of the CO2 cycle. This binary cycle was proposed by Gokhstein and Verkhivker in 1969 [Gokhstein and Verkhivker, 1969]. CO2 is used as a reactor coolant. The primary loop is a simple Brayton cycle. The secondary side can be either steam or, in this case, a condensing supercritical CO2 cycle. The efficiency of this cycle at 675oC, 3.2 MPa in the primary side and 10 MPa in the secondary side was estimated to be 44.5 %. If the temperature was raised to 675oC the efficiency reached 52%. The conclusion of this study was that further scientific and engineering investigation of this cycle is desirable and if CO2 could indeed be used as a heat carrier for fast reactors an improvement in efficiency of 10% over current light water reactors is possible. 2.3.6 ECAS study In 1976 General Electric performed the Energy Conversion Alternatives Study that compared advanced energy conversion systems for utility applications using coal and coal derived fuels. The study compared 10 different energy conversion systems: open cycle gas turbine, recuperative open cycle gas turbine, closed cycle gas turbine with helium, supercritical CO2 cycle, advanced steam cycle, liquid metal topping cycle, open cycle MHD, closed cycle inert gas MHD, closed cycle liquid metal MHD and fuel cells. The summary of the results is presented in Figure 2.19. The chart shows the cost of electricity and efficiency of the investigated advanced energy conversion systems. Figure 2.19 shows that the supercritical CO2 cycle did not perform well in this comparison. This is easy to foretell from the operating conditions that were selected in this study. The pump discharge pressure was 26.5 MPa and the turbine inlet temperature was 732 oC. At these conditions the cycle achieved 48% thermal efficiency, however additional station losses, mainly the heat loss from the stack, resulted in a net efficiency of 40%. This reduction is about twice as much as in the case of the advanced steam cycle. This clearly demonstrates that the supercritical CO2 cycle is not well suited for application to fossil-fired power plants. The high cost of electricity is a result of very 32PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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