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4.1.2 Pressure Ratio Studies The optimization of cycle pressure ratio is usually the first step in designing a Brayton cycle. Figure 4.2 shows the profile of the cycle thermal efficiency and the cycle efficiency corrected for the pre-cooler pumping vs the pressure ratio. This figure was obtained for a total heat exchanger volume of 60 m3. This selection is somewhat arbitrary, but 60 m3 is a reasonable heat exchanger volume and the figure serves only for illustrative purposes. As will be shown later the cycle behavior was investigated over a range of total heat exchanger volumes as well. The reason why the pre-cooler pumping power is especially important for the supercritical cycle is that it operates close to the critical point. As shown in Figure 4.3 the specific heat that sets the requirements on the cooling water mass flow rate significantly varies during the cooling process. Therefore, the cooling mass flow rate is a function of CO2 pressure and thereby the pressure ratio. For the cases with high specific heat around the critical point most of the heat is rejected at temperatures around 32 – 35oC. Thus the pre-cooler temperature difference is very low and the cooling water requirements are very high. For an ideal gas the pre-cooler pumping power would be virtually independent of the cycle pressure ratio. The only effect would be caused by increased heat rejection caused by the lower efficiency achieved at pressure ratios lower or higher than the optimum pressure ratio. That effect is miniscule. Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5 explain the significant drop in the net efficiency around the critical point in greater detail. The pumping power requirements are very high as a high mass flow rate of water is required to cool the working fluid to 32oC. The reason for the spike of the cooling water mass flow rate (Figure 4.5) is that the pre-cooler volume is kept constant and the CO2 mass flow rate and temperatures are results of the analysis. With fixed pre-cooler volume, pre-cooler power and cooling water inlet temperature the only independent variables are the mass flow rate of cooling water or the cooling water temperature. When either one of them is selected the second is determined by a heat balance. 75PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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