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other important cycle parameters such as cycle pressure drops, recuperator and pre-cooler performance. The next section investigated the effect of the total heat exchanger volume on the cycle efficiency and cost. It was found that the efficiency benefit of additional heat exchanger volume decreases as more heat exchanger volume becomes available. Therefore, there is a value of the heat exchanger volume at which the cycle cost is the lowest. This volume depends on the total cost of the plant. For the target cost of advanced nuclear reactors (1000 $/kWe) this optimum, if HEATRIC heat exchangers at a cost of 30 $/kg are used, is 120 m3. This volume is used for the rest of this work as the reference total heat exchanger volume. Another important effect that should be quantified is the effect of main operating conditions, i.e. the compressor outlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature and the compressor inlet temperature. Since the critical temperature of CO2 is 30.98oC and it is undesirable to cross this temperature (because of the phase change) the minimum compressor inlet temperature considered is 32oC. As this temperature increases the efficiency linearly decreases. The optimum pressure ratio is significantly affected. This means that if the compressor inlet temperature changes the cycle will operate away from its optimum pressure ratio, which would result in the reduction of the cycle efficiency. Therefore, the compressor inlet temperature has to be controlled during cycle operation. The effect of increasing the turbine inlet temperature and compressor outlet pressure has a beneficial effect on the cycle efficiency, but increases the cost of the system. Therefore, an optimum that gives the lowest cost is sought. This optimization is impossible to perform without a very thorough economic analysis. Thus in this work, the optimum operating conditions were selected based only on the values of efficiency improvement attained and operating experience considerations. Increasing the turbine inlet temperature causes the cycle efficiency to linearly increase. Since thermal efficiency in the vicinity of 45% is achievable at 550oC, where the current operating experience is extensive, this temperature was selected as the basic operating temperature. 154PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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