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7 Indirect Cycle 7.1 Introduction A direct cycle is the most efficient approach from the electricity production point of view. There are no additional losses associated with the primary loop, which can cause significant efficiency reduction, especially in the case of a gas-cooled primary system. In addition, introduction of an indirect cycle significantly complicates the plant layout and increases its cost. However, investigating only direct cycles would limit the possible application of the cycle to CO2 gas cooled reactors. Since the cycle is very attractive as a replacement of the steam cycle for any reactor that operates with core outlet temperatures above ~500oC the indirect cycle can significantly broaden the spectrum of possible applications. Basically there are three different groups of reactors that can utilize the supercritical CO2 cycle: gas cooled reactors that use either helium or CO2, and liquid metal or molten salt cooled reactors; the latter two are sufficiently similar for present purposes to treat them as a single case. Therefore, two different analyses will be performed, one for the helium/CO2 indirect cycle (which serves to model the gas / gas indirect cycle) and one for the PbBi/CO2 indirect cycle (which serves to model liquid metal or molten salt-to-gas indirect cycles. The main reason for using these two cases is that in the case of gas-to-gas indirect cycles the pumping power on the primary side is a significant contributor to efficiency reduction, which is not the case for molten salts or liquid metals. Moreover the heat transfer capabilities of gases and molten salts or liquid metals are significantly different. The two major disadvantages of the indirect cycle, mainly for the gas-gas indirect cycle, are: 1) Lower turbine inlet temperature, and primary system blower power consumption, reduce overall plant efficiency 2) Additional plant components and systems increase capital cost. Hence a thorough re-optimization of the indirect cycle version must be carried out. 156PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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