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& 718) based alloys which were tested in the pressure/temperature environment present in an SCWR, all were susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), though Alloy 316L and Alloy 690 were sufficiently resistant to warrant further study [5]. Examples of SCC in 304L stainless steel can be seen on page 6 in Figure 9. Of the ferritic-martensitic (HT-9, T-91, & HCM12A) alloys tested, many exhibited resistance to SCC but had oxidation rates one order of magnitude more than the austenetic alloys [5]. This makes the ferritic-martensitic materials ill suited for thin assembly components. These issues provide a substantial engineering obstacle to be overcome before the SCWR can be considered a viable nuclear power plant design. Additionally, none of the material testing to date has been performed in either a high neutron or high gamma flux to characterize actual material performance in an operating reactor vessel. Natural Gas Production with a Supercritical Geothermal Power Application By-product In many cases, the source for Natural Gas production is a geothermally heated brine. In these cases, the brine temperatures range from 240 oF (390 K) up to 360 oF (455 K) depending linearly upon well depth [8]. In this temperature range, the brine passes through a heat exchanger to feed a supercritical Rankine cycle for Propane, which has a critical temperature of 206 oF (370 K) and a critical pressure of 616 psia. Theoretically, the brine may be able to run the cycle directly but there are too many contaminants and compositional variations for this to be feasible. If a power cycle like this were employed, the sites producing Natural Gas could potentially generate power for Grid use or, at a minimum, generate the majority of the plant’s electrical requirements. In the United States, there are several areas along the Texas and the Louisiana Gulf Coast where this type of power cycle is feasible [8]. The benefit to this cycle is that it is extremely simple in terms of system components. The system requires only a single phase heat exchanger, a turbine, an air cooled condenser, and a pump. Figure 10, page 8, depicts a basic system diagram. The nominal operating pressure of this system is approximately 1000 psia, which suggests that all of the support piping and equipment is commercially available. Given a 15 Million BTU/hr brine source, this system could generate approximately 400 kW net power with a thermal efficiency of 9% [8]. Additionally, the system can be built to be self regulating by using the power grid as a dynamic brake for the turbine-generator set [8]. In effect, this acts as a speed control for the turbine during slight variations in system demand under normal operating conditions. Additional controls can be implemented to automate the system based on brine temperature and flow rates, all of which minimize the need to have a full-time operator, thus reducing operational costs. Despite the downside of a poor thermal efficiency of only 9%, this system is still a viable source of energy. Currently, production plants are dumping the available heat to the atmosphere. The question becomes one of economics; at a cost of approximately $2,131/KW [8] (1982 dollars ≈ $5,488 today adjusted for inflation), will a 9% return pay itself back over the life of the well. At today’s prices with an average electricity cost of $0.11 per kWhr, it would take approximately 6 years to recover the cost of the power plant. Since a power plant of this size can be built on a mobile platform, even if an individual well does not last 6 years, the power plant can be moved to a new location and reused. Based on the platform being reusable, this is a potentially viable power plant design despite the low thermal efficiency of 9%. -7-PDF Image | Supercritical rankine cycle A synopsis of the cycle
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