The Bering Sea Project

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Day 2 sessions explored renewable energy sources in the region and possible business opportunities that could be developed such as biofuels. There are successful projects such as the King Cove hydroe- lectric facility. Before disbanding, the group created task forces to explore a bulk fuel program, renewable energy, con- servation, and administration. They will work indi- vidually and report back in October with recommen- dations for a regional energy policy. These will be reported at the Village Seminar on Oct 15 at the De- na’ina Convention Center. Bering Sea Project continued... Since zooplankton don’t fare well in too-cold water, the algae lives, dies, and sinks to the ocean floor rather than getting eaten. Sparse zooplankton like- wise limits the population of ‘forage fish’ – small species as well as young pollock. Overall, cold con- ditions cause pollock production to be limited by food supply – aka bottom-up regulation of the food web. Colder conditions also favour benthos; the king and snow crabs caught by fishermen in Deadliest Catch hang out in Bering’s northerly regions. The Bering Sea floor contains a wealth of other benthic life such as brittle stars, polychaete worms, bi- valves, and sea cucumbers. In warmer years, the sea ice melts when it’s still mostly dark. Winter storms mix the sea, delaying the algae’s growth. By spring, the top layer warms, be- coming stratified by temperature rather than salinity. The late-blooming algae feed the zooplankton, which prosper, leading to a thriving fish community. This, in turn, allows apex predators, like larger fish and piscivorous seabirds, to prosper. The oscilla- tions kick in after a few warm years because pollock become so abundant that they start to eat their own young, and their population starts to exert top-down control on the food web. The OCH predicts that when the temperature shifts to cold again, you get a combination of top-down and bottom-up regulation of the food web. A warm spell in the 1970s led to super-abundant pol- lock in the Bering Sea, driving an active fishery. The population is now declining, but no one knows exactly why. The pollock may be oscillating back towards bot- tom-up regulation, they could be declining from com- petition with arrowtooth flounder, or they could be overfished – although Alaskan fisheries are renowned for their sustainability. Siddon’s catches may answer some of these ques- tions. She also studies bioenergetics, looking at how fat reserves help fish larvae survive winter. In fact, recent data on bioenergetics has led George Hunt, author of the OCH, to tweak his original theory; that paper has just been submitted for review. 3

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