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The Investor‘s Guide to Geothermal Energy Content 1. Geothermal 101 8 1.1. The Heat beneath your feet 9 1.1.1. Geology 9 1.1.2. Classification of geothermal systems 10 1.1.3. How much energy do the different geothermal systems contain? 12 1.2. Geothermal project development at a glance 13 1.2.1. What kinds of geothermal plants exist? 14 1.3. Why geothermal energy? 15 2. Roadmap to successful geothermal 16 project development 2.1. Key factors 16 2.1.1. Project team 17 2.1.2. Project developers 17 2.1.3. Project management 18 2.1.4. Risk management 18 2.1.5. Legal requirements 20 2.1.6. Power purchase agreement (PPA) 20 2.1.7. Resource related factors 20 2.2. Phases of a geothermal project 22 2.2.1. Site identification phase 22 2.2.2. Pre-feasibility phase – surface exploration 23 2.2.3. Feasibility phase – exploration drilling 28 2.2.4. Resource development phase 33 2.2.5. Power plant construction phase 34 2.2.6. Operation and maintenance phase (O & M) 40 2.3. Economic Viability 42 3. Financing Geothermal Energy Projects 44 3.1. The capital question 44 3.2. Financing through the development phases 44 3.2.1. Start-up and site identification phase 44 3.2.2. Pre-feasibility phase – surface exploration 45 3.2.3. Feasibility phase – exploration drilling 46 3.2.4. Resource development phase 48 3.2.5. Plant construction phase 50 3.2.6. Operation and maintenance phase 55 3.3. Financing geothermal projects in emerging and developing countries 55 3.3.1. Multi-lateral institutions 55 3.3.2. Carbon Credits 56 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.3. 4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.3.4. 4.4. 4.4.1. 4.4.2. 4.4.3. 4.4.4. 4.4.5. 4.4.6. 4.4.7. 4.5. 4.5.1. 4.5.2. 4.5.3. 4.6. 4.6.1. 4.6.2. 4.6.3. 4.7. 4.7.1. 4.7.2. 4.8. 4.8.1. 4.8.2. 4.8.3. 4.8.4. 4.9. 4.10. 4.10.1. 4.10.2. 4.10. Geothermal market and investment – 58 challenges and opportunities Global market potential & development 58 North America 60 USA – Geothermal N°1 60 Central & South America 67 “Hot Spot” Nicaragua 67 “Hot Spot” Caribbean Islands 67 “Hot Spot” Costa Rica 68 Chile – biggest potential in South-America 68 Europe 72 Electricity 72 Heating & cooling 72 Public funding programs in the European Union 75 “Hot Spot” Iceland 75 “Hot Spot” Italy 75 Germany – geothermal boom ahead 76 “Hot Spot” Turkey 85 Asia 86 “Hot Spot” Indonesia 86 “Hot Spot” Philippines 86 China – Direct use giant 88 Africa 91 “Hot Spot” Kenya 91 “Hot Spot” Ethiopia 91 “Hot Spot” Djibouti 92 Oceania 92 “Hot Spot” Australia 92 “Hot Spot” New Zealand 93 Technology innovation 93 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 93 Supercritical fluids – drilling for higher temperatures 94 Oil co-production 95 Geo-pressurized systems 95 Geothermal investment –poised for long-term profits 96 Geothermal companies and players 98 Geothermal plays 98 Geothermal investors 100 Ready to capitalize on geothermal 101 opportunities? Literature 102 3PDF Image | The Investors Guide to Geothermal Energy
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