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Rapport 2414173 - October 2007 __________________________________________________________________ Air-source heat pumps are always installed outdoors – that is where they pick up heat. Since connecting pipework between the heat pump and the hydraulic system contains only water, and because of the double-wall separating water and R744 in the water heater, there is no possibility of leakage of R744 in the water circuit. A water-source heat pump can be installed indoors. Installation should be carried out correctly to avoid accumulation of R744 in specific locations should a leak occur: • Ventilation must be provided. Avoid working with R744 where it can be collect in low or confined areas. • Do not remain near the heat pump in the event of a large carbon dioxide release. Before returning to the premises, make sure that the R744-concentration is low enough. The R744 concentration can be analyzed with specific sensors. • R744 containers must stand upright when gas is being withdrawn. Cold R744 can form a very thick mist with moist air. • Persons who succumb to R744 poisoning must be taken into the open air quickly. Artificial respiration should be administered if the victims stop breathing 5.2.R744 in heat pumps 5.2.1. Pressure at standstill Because of their high value of critical temperature, the pressure at standstill (i.e. when the system is shut-down) for conventional refrigerants is a function of ambient temperature (assuming the system temperature has reached that value). Even under severe ambient temperatures, most HFC/HCFC refrigerants systems exhibit pressures lower than 40 bars at standstill. For R744, the standstill pressure evolves as follows : • For ambient temperatures under 31°C, the pressure is equal to that above the vapor phase, i.e. the standstill pressure is equal to the saturation pressure of R744. At a temperature of 31°C, this pressure reaches about 75 bars. • For ambient temperatures above 31°C, all the R744 contained in the system is under "supercritical" conditions. Thus, the standstill pressure is above 75 bars, but depends on the ambient temperature, the mass of R744 charged into the system and the internal volume of the system. __________________________________________________________________________________________ SHERPHA PROJECT - Transcritical R744 Heat Pumps – Technician's Manual 38/62PDF Image | Transcritical R744 (CO2) heat pumps Technician's Manual
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