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Global Geothermal Global Geothermal Ltd. is a subsidiary of Wasabi Energy Ltd., which is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. The company owns the rights to the Kalina cycle, which uses an ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid to improve power generation efficiency and flexibility. The technology can be used to generate power from waste heat with temperatures as low as 200F (93C), and the focus is on large projects custom designed for a particular waste heat source. Although the technology has been around for years, there have only been six commercial projects utilizing the technology to date, five of which are currently operating. Total operating capacity of the plants is about 12MW net. The first commercial project was a 3.1MW waste heat application deployed in 1998 at Sumitomo Metals' Kashima Steelworks in Japan. The second deployment was a low-temperature geothermal project undertaken in 1999 in Húsavík, Iceland. The plant was designed to produce 2MW of output, but according to the 2009 report "Corrosion in the Kalina Cycle" by Peter Whittaker, the maximum output achieved by the plant was 1.76MW. The 2009 report detailed significant corrosion problems experienced by the Húsavík plant, although eventually materials and components were identified that were able to resist the corrosion. According to Global Geothermal, the corrosion at the Húsavík plant was the result of poor operating practice by the owner, including the use of untreated makeup water in the plant, and the lower output of the plant was due to lower-than-expected brine inlet temperature. Recently, activity has picked up again for the technology. In June 2011, Global Geothermal and Wasabi Energy announced a licensing agreement with FLSmidth, a supplier of engineering, procurement, and construction services to the global cement and minerals industries, to pursue waste heat opportunities in those industries. Wasabi Energy estimates that the market opportunity in these industries is over 9GW globally. FLSmidth's first project with the Kalina cycle will be an 8.6MW plant at the Khairpur Cement Plant in Pakistan. Although some of Global Geothermal's plants are designed to run unattended, an operator is typically required for routine maintenance, start-up, shutdown, and so forth. This potential requirement, along with the slow uptake of projects using the Kalina cycle, has caused some in the industry to remain skeptical of the technology: there is a perception that if the technology was a game changer, it would have seen wider adoption by now. ElectraTherm ElectraTherm Inc., headquartered in Reno, Nevada, has developed the Green Machine, which uses an organic Rankine cycle unit with a Page 8 #EI229456 ©2011 IDC Energy InsightsPDF Image | Waste Heat to Power Still Waiting for a Breakthrough
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