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Overview of Common Renewable Energy Technologies Bio-energy: Biofuel and biomass energy constitute the fastest growing renewable energy sectors in the world. A range of organic waste products or other organic matter (wood chips, excess vegetation, excess cooking oil, sugar cane, soy beans, etc.) can be burned and converted to energy at an 80–90 percent efficiency rate to produce electricity or fuel (Biomass Thermal Energy Council, 2010). This makes biomass a very attractive fuel option in less-developed regions where conventional fossil fuel resources, such as butane or kerosene, are limited or expensive but resources such as organic plant or animal waste are abundant and cheap to obtain. In the United States, some utilities are converting human waste, trapping liquefied gas, and/or farming algae to produce electricity and fuel in the same manner. Wind Energy: Electricity produced by wind turbines is also on the rise. In 2010, 40 percent of all new electricity capacity added to the U.S. grid was produced from wind power projects (AWEA, 2011). The global wind energy industry has grown at a rate of roughly 25 percent per year since 1990, making wind energy the second fastest growing renewable energy sector worldwide (Meisen and Krumpel, 2009). While some wind power systems are ideal for residential use, most of the electricity generated from wind power is from larger, utility-scale systems. Geothermal Energy: Because it is largely underground, geothermal energy is one of the least publicly understood renewable energy sources. However, there is enough global geothermal capacity currently in production to power 5.7 million homes per year (REN21, 2011). By tapping the heat below the earth’s surface, electricity can be generated using a steam turbine, while pumps can capture heat for residential and commercial use. Geothermal systems can also use the ambient temperature found just a few meters underground, where the air is at a constant 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Sites near plate boundaries or volcanic activity are especially well suited for geothermal electricity production. Hydropower: Hydropower is the most commonly used renewable energy source. In 2008, 15percent of all electricity worldwide was produced by hydropower (REN21, 2011). Hydropower uses moving water and gravity to produce electricity from a turbine. Some analysts, however, do not consider hydropower to be a sustainable energy source because of the environmental impacts of creating dams that can disrupt the natural flooding patterns of lakes and rivers, causing unintended damage both up- and downstream. Solar Energy: The U.S. solar industry saw 67 percent growth from 2009 to 2010, making it the fastest growing energy sector and one of the fastest growing industries in any sector in the United States (Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research, 2010). Solar energy uses Renewable Energy Best Practices in Promotion and Use — Andrea Luecke — Page 5PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery and RPS Policies in the US
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