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either sunlight or the heat from direct sunlight to produce electricity or generate energy for heating or cooling. Solar photovoltaic panels produce electricity while concentrating solar power (CSP) systems use highly reflective mirrors to concentrate the sun’s energy to heat a medium that can be used to power a turbine and produce electricity on a utility scale. Finally, solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems can be used to heat or cool air or water for buildings and pools. Germany has the world’s largest solar market and gets nearly 2 percent of its total electricity from solar. On the other hand, solar only makes up about 0.01 percent of the United States’ energy mix. Although Germany is not particularly sunny, it has installed 17,000 MW while the entire United States has installed a mere 1,000 MW. Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean With so many countries, tax structures, electricity rates, political ideologies, geographic conditions, and national sentiments, it is difficult to make generalizations about the energy sector in LAC. The only appropriate generalization is that fossil fuels and established forms of renewable energy, such as hydropower and biomass, play such a large role in LAC that newer, less established renewable energy technologies face major obstacles to gaining market share. In the Caribbean, roughly 93 percent of commercial energy consumption is petroleum products (Fevrier, 2011) and over 97 percent of overall electrical power is generated by fossil fuels (Schwerin, 2010). Considering many analysts calculate that worldwide peak oil production has already occurred,b continued dependence on these dwindling resources creates national energy and economic security challenges for import-reliant nations. With the exception of Trinidad and Tobago, most Caribbean nations must dedicate large portions of their national GDP to importing energy (Schwerin, 2010). In the Caribbean, national GDP ranges from $0.4 billion in Dominica to $45.8 billion in the Dominican Republic (Gerner and Hansen, 2011). To put this into perspective, ExxonMobil’s 2010 revenue was $383 billion (Krass, 2011). To make matters worse, regional electricity generation will have to increase by 145 percent by 2030 to accommodate population growth and the accompanying 75 percent increase in energy demand predicted by the Inter-American Development Bank (Arnson, Fuentes, and Rojas Aravena, 2008). This will be especially applicable to nations such as Haiti, where low electricity rates and large populations already increase demand for power. Additionally, energy costs in the region are generally controlled by private utility companies that have enjoyed long-standing monopolies. Energy costs in the Caribbean are among the highest in the world, with estimates b Peak oil is defined as when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached and the rate of production starts to decline. Renewable Energy Best Practices in Promotion and Use — Andrea Luecke — Page 6PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery and RPS Policies in the US
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