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2 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports 2 Background and some definitions Within waste heat recovery technology, the terms bottoming cycle, topping cycle, and combined cycle are used. A bottoming cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which generates electricity from waste heat, as opposed to a topping cycle, in which waste heat from electricity generation is rejected to the environment (cooling wa- ter, atmosphere), or used for heating purposes in industry or for district heating purposes (cogeneration). In a combined cycle these cycles are combined for elec- tricity production by connecting two heat engines in series. (El-Wakil 1984) Some basic cycles have a maximum temperature closer to the fuel flame tempera- ture, but a rather high temperature of heat rejection. Others reject heat at nearly ambient temperature, but possess a moderate maximum temperature. Therefore, in order to approach higher efficiency, a combined cycle is required with a high- temperature topping cycle and a medium- or low-temperature bottoming cycle. Combined cycles are mostly considered as dual cycles, since the complexity of triple-cycles, such as the potassium-steam-organic Rankine cycle, is undesirable. (Korobitsyn 1998) The drawback of one cycle may become a benefit when combined with another cycle. The high exhaust temperature of a gas turbine indicates its low efficiency, but is advantageous for the steam bottoming cycle. The highly efficient aero- derivative gas turbines provide worse performance in a combined cycle configu- ration than industrial turbines with lower efficiency and higher exhaust tempera- tures. (Korobitsyn 1998) To determine what cycle is better suited for a topping or bottoming application, cycles can be ranked according to their operating temperature range (Figure 1). (Korobitsyn 1998)PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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