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4 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports 3 Steam Rankine cycle as a bottoming cycle Combined cycle technology, based on gas turbine topping and the steam Rankine bottoming cycle, is likely to remain attractive for many years. Electrical efficien- cies of up to 58% can be achieved with plant capacities within the range of 350 to 500 MW of electrical power. (Poullikkas 2005) The exhaust gas from an Otto/Diesel engine has a temperature of 300–500 °C and, thus, exhaust heat can be recovered in a waste heat boiler. However, the en- gine releases a smaller amount of exhaust gases than a comparable gas turbine, because it does not require any considerable air flow for cooling. The excess air for a diesel engine is typically 30–40%, compared to 200–350% for a gas turbine. Hence a 10 MW engine can provide about 1–1.5 MW of electric power by means of the bottoming steam Rankine cycle. Moreover, the performance of the Rankine cycle rapidly declines when the exhaust temperature is decreased. (Korobitsyn 1998) 4 Organic Rankine cycle The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applies the principle of the steam Rankine cy- cle, but uses organic working fluids with low boiling points, instead of wa- ter/steam, to recover heat from the heat source. The cycle consists of an expan- sion turbine, a condenser, a pump, a boiler, and a superheater, if needed (Figure 2). Figure 2. A schematic of a simple ORC, after (Chen 2011). The working fluid of an ORC is very important. Pure working fluids have been studied, but fluid mixtures are also proposed for ORC. The organic working fluidsPDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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