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Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports 5 have many different characteristics than water. An ORC plant typically requires only a single-stage expander, resulting in asimpler and more economical system in terms of capital costs and maintenance. Among all thermodynamic cycles for low-grade heat power conversion, the ORC is so far the commercially most developed one. Both large scales and small scales power plants and units can be found in operation. (Chen 2011) In this study the ORC is not enlarged on, except as a comparison for other cycles. 5 The Kalina cycle The Kalina cycle is principally a “modified” Rankine cycle or rather, a reversed absorption cycle (Valdimarsson, 2003). The Kalina cycle uses a mixture as the working fluid, instead of a pure fluid like water, the mixture being composed of at least two different components, typically water and ammonia (Chen 2011). A basic Kalina cycle consists of a heat recovery vapor generator (HRVG), a steam-ammonia vapour turbine, and the distillation condensation subsystem (DCSS). In the DCSS the stream from the turbine is cooled in the recuperator, and then mixed with a lean solution of ammonia in order to raise the condensing tem- perature. The resulting basic solution is condensed in the absorber and brought to the recuperator under pressure. Part of the flow is sent to dilute the ammonia-rich stream coming from the separator. The main flow passes the recuperator and is flashed in the separator. The vapour is mixed with the basic solution, condensed and pressurized before it enters the HRVG (Figure 3). (Korobitsyn 1998) Figure 3. Flow scheme of the basic Kalina cycle, after (Korobitsyn 1998)PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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