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6 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports A mixture of two fluids behaves differently from the two fluids separately. A mixture of water and ammonia has a varying boiling and condensing temperature. The properties of the water-ammonia mixture can be altered by changing the am- monia concentration. Water freezes at a temperature of 0°C, pure ammonia at -78°C. Solutions of ammonia-water have very low freezing temperatures. (MLCAK 1996) Ammonia has a low boiling and condensing temperature compared to water. Therefore, ammonia in a mixture with water is the more volatile component of the two. When an ammonia-water liquid is heated, mostly ammonia will boil off first, i.e. distillation will start to occur. Conversely, mostly water will condense first. This unique feature is illustrated in a phase diagram in Figure 4. In this diagram, the x-axis represents the percentage of ammonia in an ammonia-water solution. (MLCAK 1996) Figure 4. Ammonia-water phase diagram, after (MLCAK 1996) By way of example, consider a 70 % liquid ammonia (in water) mixture, common in the Kalina cycle. The saturated mixture starts to vaporize at 21°C. During heat- ing, the temperature rises and more of the mixture, mostly ammonia at first, boils off. For example, at 66°C, the 70 % average solution is shown at point 4. The vapor component (97 % ammonia, 3 % water) of this solution is shown at point 5 and the liquid component (36 % ammonia, 64 % water) at point 6. Vaporization continues until all of the mixture reaches a dry saturated vapor state at 116°C, point 7. This process is completely reversed. The use of a mixture results in a good thermal match in the boiler or counter-flow heat exchanger due to the variable temperature (non-isothermal) boiling createdPDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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