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Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports 7 by the shifting mixture composition. This decreases the thermodynamic irreversi- bility in heat transfer and therefore improves the overall thermodynamic efficien- cy. (Chen 2011) However, the thermodynamic advantage of this small boiler temperature difference compared to a steam cycle would be lost at the condensing stage, assuming the same condenser cooling water temperature in both cases. (Poullikkas 2005) The ammonia-water has a significantly higher temperature at turbine exit than the steam. This would tend to increase the average heat rejection temperature and decrease, not increase, the cycle efficiency, if the exhaust fluid went directly to the condenser. The solution is a variable condensing temperature, which makes possible a high degree of energy recuperation from turbine exhaust to feed mix- ture (Figure 5). (MLCAK 1996) Figure 5. Energy recuperation from turbine exhaust to feed mixture, after (MLCAK 1996) Making the composition of the mixture leaner reduces the pressure and tempera- ture of the vapor during condensing. Typical values are 70 % ammonia content in the heat source-turbine flow and 45 % ammonia content in the condenser flow. The ammonia-water mixture composition (ammonia concentration) can also be changed during operation in order to optimize the plant efficiency when the heat source and/or sink temperatures change. (MLCAK 1996) The lower heat sink temperature increases the potential work (exergy) of a heat source. Steam Rankine cycle plants cannot benefit from this when the heat sink temperature drops to below 5°C to prevent freeze damage, but the Kalina cyclePDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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