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8 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports can. Ammonia has a very low freezing temperature. As a result, condensation temperatures of ammonia-water fluids can go down to arctic temperatures by ap- plying air cooled condensers. (MLCAK 1996) Conventional axial flow steam turbines can be used in Kalina cycle plants. This is possible because the molecular weights of ammonia and water are at the same scale (ammonia 17 g/mol and water 18 g/mol). (MLCAK 1996) Because the ex- haust pressure of the vapor turbine in the Kalina cycle is above atmospheric pres- sure, no vacuum needs to be maintained in the condenser during operation, or stand-by periods. Therefore, the start-up procedure can be performed within a much shorter time. (Korobitsyn 1998; Poullikkas 2005) Higher back pressure also creates a big difference in specific volumes and therefore a big difference in the size of the flow area in the exhausting turbine. Therefore, turbines for Kalina cy- cle plants will also be smaller and less expensive because the cycle can utilize back pressure turbines as condensing turbines. (MLCAK 1996) Chen (2011) states that the Kalina cycle performs substantially better than a steam Rankine cycle. The Kalina cycle can produce 10–30% more power than a steam Rankine cycle. Another advantage is the smaller size of the whole unit. The foot- print of the Kalina plant is about 60% of the size of a steam Rankine plant design. (Korobitsyn 1998; Poullikkas 2005) According to Korobitsyn (1998), at the same top temperature of 650 °C, the Ka- lina cycle will obtain approximately 20 % greater efficiency than the triple- pressure steam Rankine cycle, while the former does not require such high pres- sure. A Kalina cycle power plant may offer efficiency gains of up to 50 % for low heat energy sources such as geothermal brine at 150°C to 210°C. Gains of up to 20 % may be realized for higher temperature heat sources such as the exhaust gas bot- toming cycle of a combined cycle plant. It is estimated that Kalina cycle plants will even cost less to build than Rankine cycle plants of equal output. Up to 30 % savings for low heat applications and up to 10 % savings for bottoming cycle plants have been approximated. (MLCAK 1996) One drawback of the Kalina cycle is the fact that a high vapor fraction is needed in the boiler, resulting in lower overall heat transfer coefficients and a larger heat exchange area. Another drawback relates to the corrosion. Impurities such as air or carbon dioxide in liquid ammonia may cause stress corrosion cracking of mild steel. Ammonia is also highly corrosive towards copper and zinc (Chen 2011).PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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