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Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports 15 Supercritical CO2 has physical properties somewhere between those of a liquid and a gas. To date, there is no turbine available for the supercritical CO2 cycle. Therefore, in this prototype, a throttling valve was used, instead of a turbine. (Yamaguchi et al. 2006) Organic fluids have also been suggested for the supercritical Rankine cycle. The CO2 supercritical power cycle has slightly higher system efficiency than an ORC (using R123) when taking into account the behavior of the heat transfer between the heat source and the working fluid. The CO2 cycle shows no pinch limitation in the heat exchanger. However, detailed studies on the use of organic working flu- ids in supercritical Rankine cycles have not been widely published. (Chen 2011; Wang et al. 2006) Besides some CO2 Brayton cycle research for power production in the nuclear reactor area, there is little information available for power cycle research with CO2 as the working fluid in the low-grade small-scale energy utilization area. (Wang et al. 2006) 9 Gas bottoming cycles: Stirling-engine A Stirling cycle machine is a device which operates on a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle, with cyclic compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature levels (Thombare & Verma 2008). The cycle medi- um (generally helium or hydrogen) is not exchanged during each cycle, while the energy driving the cycle is applied externally (Wu & Wang 2006). The Stirling engines are frequently called by other names, including hot-air or hot-gas engines. High heat efficiency, low noise operation and the ability of Stirling engines to use many fuels are said to meet the demands for the effective use of energy and envi- ronmental security. For successful operation of a Stirling engine with good effi- ciency, careful design of heat exchangers (especially the regenerator) and proper selection of drive mechanism and engine configuration are essential. (Thombare & Verma 2008) Stirling engines are a promising solution for installations with nominal electric output between 10 and 150 kW (Obernberger et al. 2003). The power output of a Stirling engine is directly proportional to the mean cycle pressure. To obtain high power levels and densities, pressures in the range of 100-200 bar are used. The Stirling cycle engines can achieve efficiencies of 65-70 % of the Carnot cycle efficiency with current technology. (Thombare & Verma, 2008)PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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