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18 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports According to the study by Yamada & Mohamad (2010), a recovery subsystem without a condenser is a better choice. The HICE overall thermal efficiency was 3-4 %-units higher than that of a conventional HICE without any recovery sub- system. The water consumption in the recovery subsystem exceeded the amount produced by the water separator at a separator efficiency of 50%. Hence, further research on water separators must be conducted for the realization of the proposed system. 12 LNG vaporization as a Rankine cycle heat sink Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is in general the only viable way to transport gas over the oceans. At the receiving gas terminal, the temperature of the LNG is low (-162oC) in the storage tanks. The LNG has to be heated to vaporize it before it enters the delivery piping. Typically sea water is used as the heat source to vapor- ize LNG. This process not only consumes a large amount of power for driving the sea water pump but also wastes cold energy. The system proposed by Shi & Che (2007) uses this LNG vaporization as a low- temperature thermal sink to the Rankine cycle. The outlet steam from the turbine is condensed by utilizing the cold energy generated during LNG vaporization. Therefore, the steam condenser pressure can be reduced to a lower value for in- creasing the output and efficiency of the steam turbine. Within the condenser pressure range of 0.040 – 0.010 bar, the calculated fuel efficiency of a gas turbine combined cycle is improved from 62 to 64.5%. Both Shi & Che (2009) and Bai & Zhang (2008) propose a combined system that consists of the Rankine cycle with ammonia–water mixture as the working fluid and the LNG power generation cycle. In the Rankine cycle low-temperature waste heat and the cold energy of LNG are used as the heat source and as the heat sink, respectively. Ammonia–water mixture is suitable for a sensible heat source, because the boiling temperature of the ammonia–water mixture increases during the boiling process, so better thermal matching between the heat source and the working fluid is achieved. Because ammonia is a working fluid with a low boiling point and the cold energy generated during the LNG vaporization is used to condense the am- monia turbine exhaust, the ammonia vapor can expand to a much lower tempera- ture compared to a conventional steam Rankine cycle. It should be noted that if LNG is used as a fuel for the power plant, that gas flow is only a small fraction of that required for condensing the steam flow from thePDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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