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20 Proceedings of the University of Vaasa. Reports In the supercritical CO2 Rankine cycle, CO2 is pumped to supercritical pressure before heat input. Avoiding the wet vapor state, a better thermal match is achieved at the heat source. High cycle pressures are one drawback of this cycle. To date, there is no turbine available for the supercritical CO2 cycle. The gas bottoming cycle can be put into practice using either a Stirling engine or Brayton (gas turbine) cycle. One drawback of the gas bottoming cycles is the large heat transfer area required for gas-gas heat exchange at the heat source, but no bulky steam equipment is needed. Simulations have proven the Stirling engine to be efficient as a bottoming cycle, but the complex drive mechanism and high cost have prevented the popularization of this technology. The Stirling cycle has commercial references in a heat pump and in cryogenic applications. High interest is found for small-scale electricity production by using biomass or a solar heat source. On the contrary, gas turbine technology is a well-known and proven tech- nology. There is no need for exotic working fluids. A hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine produces mainly water vapor as an exhaust gas stream. Condensed exhaust flow is used as feed water in an open steam Rankine cycle. Waste heat, which is released during the condensation of the exhaust stream, is used as a heat source for the feed water; in a way, the flow recuperates itself. This system is, of course, applicable only in case of hydrogen as fuel for the engine itself. The contamination by exhaust impurities in the feed water must be avoided. Further research on the water separator must be conduct- ed. LNG vaporization as a Rankine cycle heat sink is applicable only in power plants in the vicinity of a LNG receiving terminal, where vaporized LNG stream to the gas distribution system can be used as a heat sink. Fuel vaporization alone has insufficient heat sink capacity. This kind of application is as yet merely a pro- posal. 14 Recommendations Based on this study and its conclusions, the following alternatives are recom- mended for further study: a gas bottoming cycle with an open or closed gas turbine, and the supercritical CO2 Rankine cycle.PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Bottoming Cycle Alternatives
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