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Highlights Process and Technology Status – This brief focuses primarily on water de- salination based on the use of renewable energy, i.e. renewable desalination. Global water withdrawals amount to around 4,000 billion m3 per year and in some regions – especially the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) – de- salination has become the most important source of water for drinking and agriculture. Today’s global desalinated water production amounts to about 65.2 million m3 per day (24 billion m3 per year), equivalent to 0.6% of global water supply. The MENA region accounts for about 38% of the global de- salination capacity, with Saudi Arabia being the largest desalinating country. Major desalination technology options are based on thermal processes using both heat and electricity, and membrane technologies using electricity only. The dominant technology is Reverse Osmosis (RO), which accounts for 60% of the global capacity, followed by Multi Stage Flash (MSF), with a 26.8% share. The larger desalination plants can reach a capacity of up to 800,000 m3 per day or more. Renewable energy can play an important role in desalination. Renewable technologies that are suited to desalination include solar thermal, solar photovoltaics (PV), wind, and geothermal energy. Solar technologies based on solar heat concentration, notably concentrating solar power (CSP), produce a large amount of heat that is suited to thermal desalination. Pho- tovoltaic and wind electricity is often combined with membrane desalination units (reverse osmosis, electrodialysis). As electricity storage is still a chal- lenge, combining power generation and water desalination can also be a cost- effective option for electricity storage when generation exceeds demand. Performance and Costs – Desalination requires a considerable amount of energy. Seawater desalination via MSF consumes typically 80.6 kWh of heat energy (290 MJ thermal energy per kg) plus 2.5 to 3.5 kWh of electricity per m3 of water, while large scale RO requires only about 3.5 to 5.0 kWh of elec- tricity per m3. Currently, the global production of about 65.2 million m3/d of desalinated water involves the use of at least 75.2 TWh per year, which equals about 0.4% of the global electricity consumption. The cost of desalination has been decreasing over the last years down to USD 0.5/m3, while market prices for desalinated water are typically between USD 1/m3 and USD 2/m3. Therefore, desalination is currently affordable for middle-income regions, not yet for the poorest countries. The economics of renewable desalination depends on the cost of renewable energy as the cost of desalination is largely determined by the energy costs. In general, the cost of renewable desalination is still higher if compared to the cost of conventional desalination based on fossil fuels as the energy input. However, the costs of renewable technologies are quickly decreasing and renewable desalination can already compete with Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology Brief 3PDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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