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Technologies and Performance The global water demand is continuously increasing due to population growth and economic development. Global water withdrawals exceed 4,000 billion m3 per year (Rosegrant et al, 2002) and about 25% of the world population encoun- ters fresh water scarcity (UN OCHA, 2010). In response to the increasing demand, desalination has become the most important source of water for drinking and agriculture in some world regions, especially the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and some of the Caribbean islands, where water is particularly scarce. The International Desalination Association (IDA) reports that there are about 15,000 desalination plants worldwide, with a global capacity of 71.7 million m3/d. About 60% of feed water used in these plants is seawater (IDA in Black and Ve- atch, 2011). Over the past years, the deployment of desalination plants has been led by countries of the MENA region where approximately 2,800 desalination plants produce 27 million m3/d fresh water (about 38% of the global capacity) from seawater (Fichtner, 2011). Major desalination technologies consist of thermal processes using either thermal power or electricity as the energy input, or mem- brane-based processes using only electricity (Table 1). The dominant desalination processes in use today are based on Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Multi Stage Flash (MSF) which constitute 60.0% and 26.8% of the worldwide capacity, respectively (Figure 1). The feasibility of each technology depends on specific conditions such as energy price, water quality and the technical resources of the region. Thermal Desalination Technologies – Thermal desalination involves distilla- tion processes where saline feed-water is heated to vaporize, causing fresh water to evaporate and leave behind a highly saline solution, namely the brine. Freshwater is then obtained from vapor cooling and condensation. The Multi Stage Flash (MSF) process is divided into sections or stages. Saline water is heated at the boiling temperature between 90 and 110 C°, with a decreasing pressure through the stages. Part of the water flashes (quickly vaporizes) at each stage while the rest continues to flow through the following stages (Figure 2). As the MSF process can be powered by waste or by-product heat, the combined production (co-generation) of power, heat and desalinated Table 1 – Major Desalination Technologies Thermal Technologies Membrane Technologies Multi Stage Flash, MSF Reverse Osmosis, RO Multi Effect Distillation, MED Electrodialysis, ED Vapour Compression, VC Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology Brief 5PDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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