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Steam Pressure valve Brine heater Condensate pump Vent ejector Feedwater Separator Product pump Brine pump Figure 2 – MSF Desalination Process (Source: Fichtner, 2011) temperature), while other distillation technologies are not so demanding in this respect (Goebel, 2003). High-salinity and high-temperature feed-water can limit the osmosis process as they affect the osmosis pressure, requiring more energy. High-turbidity feed-water can cause fouling where membrane pores are clogged with suspended solids. Typical seawater salinity which is suited to RO systems is around 35,000 ppm of dissolved solids contents. However, in some regions (i.e. Red Sea, Arabian Gulf), the total dissolved solids content is higher, i.e. 41,000 ppm and 45,000 ppm, respectively (Lenntech homepage). In these regions, seawater has high fouling potential (bio-fouling due to high content of organisms), and high surface temperature (Abd El Aleem et al., 1997). Therefore, an ap- propriate feed-water pre-treatment is needed prior to RO desalination. RO desalination is also suited to and used for small-scale plants in rural areas or islands where there is no other water supply available. For example, most de- salination plants in the Caribbean area use RO systems (CEHI, 2006). Electro- dialysis (ED) is another membrane process which uses the electrical potential to move salt through the membrane, leaving freshwater behind. Currently, ED is widely used for desalinating brackish water rather than for seawater due to the fact that the energy consumption depends on salt concentration of the feed-water (EU, 2008). Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology Brief 7PDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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