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if the heat comes from a separate solar collector or solar ponds whereas it is referred to as direct if all components are integrated into the desalination plant (Kalogirou, 2005). Particularly attractive is desalination associated with concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. CSP plants (see ETSAP E10) collect solar radiation and provide high-tem- perature heat for electricity generation. Therefore, they can be associated with either membrane desalination units (e.g. reverse osmosis, RO) or ther- mal desalination units. CSP plants are often equipped with thermal storage systems to extend operation when solar radiation is not available, and/or combined with conventional power plants for hybrid operation. This paves the way to a number of design solutions which combine electricity and heat generation with water desalination via either thermal or membrane separa- tion processes. CSP plants are also large enough to provide core energy for medium- to large-scale seawater desalination. In desert regions (e.g. MENA) with high direct solar irradiance, CSP is considered a promising multi-purpose technology for electricity, heat and district cooling production, and water de- salination. An analysis by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR, 2007) for the MENA region shows that the choice between the CSP-MED process and the CSP-RO may depend on feed-water quality. The CSP-MED process is more energy efficient than the CSP-RO process in the Arabian Gulf where seawater has a high salinity level. Photovoltaic Desalination – Photovoltaic (PV) technology (ETSAP E11) can be connected directly to RO or ED desalination processes, which are based on electricity as the input energy (Figure 4). Many small PV-based desalination systems have been demonstrated throughout the world, especially in remote areas and islands, including Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (PV-RO, seawater, 1–5 m3/d), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (PV-RO, brackish water, 5 m3/d), and Ohshima Island, Japan (PV-ED, seawater, 10 m3/d) (Kalogirou, 2005). The main issue of PV desalination is the (still) high cost of PV cells and batteries for electric- ity storage. Careful maintenance and operation of battery systems are also necessary. Further technology advances in electricity storage (ETSAP E18) associated to PV could lead to wider use of PV desalination. Wind Power Desalination – The electrical and mechanical power generated by a wind turbine can be used to power desalination plants, notably RO and ED desalination units, and vapor compression (VC) distillation process (in particular, Mechanical Vapor Compression, MVC). In the MVC, the mechanical energy of the wind turbine is used directly for VC without further conversion into electricity. In general, wind power based desalination can be one of the most promising options for seawater desalination, especially in coastal areas with high wind potential. Various wind-based desalination plants have been 10 Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology BriefPDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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