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cost, i.e. USD 2/m3 (Constantine, 2004). However, the exploitation of geother- mal energy very much depends on the specific local conditions, with upfront investment costs that are usually high. Energy Implications of Desalination – Desalination requires a considerable amount of energy. Membrane desalination (RO) requires only electricity while thermal desalination (MSF, MED) requires both electricity and thermal energy, and – in total – more energy than the membrane process. Seawater desalina- tion via MSF consumes typically 290 kJ/kg of thermal energy plus 2.5–3.5 kWhe/m3 of electricity, while large-scale RO desalination requires around 3.5–5.0 kWhe/m3 of electricity (EU, 2008). Table 3 shows key, typical energy data for different desalination technologies. Taking into account the average energy demand of desalination processes (i.e. 5 kWh/m3 for MSF, 2.75 kWh/ m3 for MED, 2.5 kWh/m3 for RO, and 2.75 kWh/m3 for ED), the global desali- nation capacity (i.e. 65.2 million m3/day) requires the use of approximately 206 million kWh per day, equivalent to 75.2 TWh per year. Renewable energy, notably CSP with thermal storage systems, can significantly contribute to reduce the fossil fuels (and associated CO2 emissions) used for desalination. Other variable renewable energy sources, such as solar PV and wind power can also offer significant contributions if associated with energy storage systems. Desalination itself can be seen as a viable option to store renewable electricity, which exceeds the demand. Table 3 – Key, typical energy data for desalination technologies (Main source: EU, 2008) MSF MED SWRO1 ED Operation temp., °C 90–110 70 Ambient Ambient Electricity demand, kWh/m3 2.5–3.5 1.5–2.5 3.5–5.0 1.5–4.0 feed water with 1500–3500 ppm solids Thermal energy demand, kWh/ m3 80.6 (290 kJ/kg) 80.6 (290 kJ/kg) 0 0 SWRO: Spiral wound reverse osmosis 12 Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology BriefPDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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