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Desalination Costs The cost of desalination is largely dominated by the energy cost. Therefore, the economic feasibility of desalination depends strongly on local availability and cost of energy (Zejli et al., 2002). Comparisons between different desalination technologies should be based on identical local conditions. Site-specific aspects, which also have a significant impact on final costs, include feed-water transporta- tion, fresh water delivery to end-users, brine disposal and the size of the plant. As far as capital (investment) and operation and maintenance cost is concerned, a comparison of two most used conventional desalination systems, i.e. RO and MSF, to be installed in Libya (Al-Karaghouli, 2011) shows that the MSF plant requires higher capital costs while the RO plant requires higher operation and maintenance costs due to the plant complexity. Typical figures for the investment cost of new installed desalination capacity range between USD 800 and USD 1500 per unit of capacity (m3/d), with large variations depending on local conditions (labour cost, interest rate, etc.). Typical operation and maintenance costs are estimated at about 2-2.5% of the investment cost per year. As for the overall desalination cost, significant reductions have occurred over the past years, but water desalination remains economically affordable only for middle-income countries and too expen- sive for poor countries. The typical production cost of conventional desalination plants running on fossil fuels is between USD1/m3 and USD 2/m3. Under most favorable conditions (i.e. modern large-scale plants), the production cost can be as low as USD 0.5/m3 (Moilanen et al., 2010). Also, a typical conventional desalina- tion plant requires 30% of the total cost for energy with an electricity price of 5-6 US cents/kWh. In general, desalination based on renewable energy sources is still expensive if compared with conventional desalination, as both investment and generation costs of renewable energy are higher. However, under certain circumstances – e.g. installations in remote areas where distributed energy generation (heat and power) is more convenient than centralized energy generation, transmission and distribution – renewable desalination could compete with conventional systems. Costs of desalinated fresh water from most common desalination processes based on renewable energy are shown in Table 4 (Papapetrou et al., 2010 and European Union 2008). Most of such technologies have already been demonstrated, except for Solar/CSP-MED. With the rapid decrease of renewable energy costs, technical advances and increasing number of installations, renewable desalination is likely to reduce significantly its cost in the near future and become an important source of water supply for regions affected by water scarcity. Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology Brief 13PDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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