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Table 4 – Comparative costs for common renewable desalination (Source: Papapetrou et al., 2010 and European Union, 2008) Technical Capacity Energy Demand (kWh/m3) Water Cost (USD/m3) Development Stage Solar stills < 0.1m3/d Solar passive 1.3–6.5 Application Solar-Multiple Effect Humidification 1–100 m3/d thermal: 100 electrical: 1.5 2.6–6.5 R&D Application Solar- Membrane Distillation 0.15–10 m3/d thermal: 150–200 10.4–19.5 R&D Solar/CSP-Multiple Effect Distillation > 5,000 m3/d thermal: 60–70 electrical: 1.5–2 2.3–2.9 (possible cost) R&D Photovoltaic- Reverse Osmosis < 100 m3/d electrical: BW: 0.5–1.5 SW: 4-5 BW: 6.5–9.1 SW: 11.7–15.6 R&D Application Photovoltaic- Electrodialysis Reversed < 100 m3/d electrical: only BW:3–4 BW:10.4–11.7 R&D Wind- Reverse Osmosis 50–2,000 m3/d electrical: BW: 0.5–1.5 SW: 4–5 Units under 100 m3/d, BW:3.9–6.5 SW:6.5–9.1 About 1,000 m3/d, 2–5.2 R&D Application Wind- Mechanical Vapor Compression < 100 m3/d electrical: only SW:11–14 5.2–7.8 Basic Research Wind- Electrodialysis – – BW: 2.0–3.5 – Geothermal- Multi Effect Distil- lation – – SW: 3.8–5.7 – Solar Stills: simple and old technology where the incident short wave radiation is transmitted and absorbed as heat Multiple Effect Humidification: use of heat from highly efficient solar thermal collectors to induce multiple evaporation/condensation cycles Membrane Distillation: thermally driven distillation process with membrane separation Reversed Electrodialysis: same principle as Electrodialysis (ED) except for the fact that the polarity is reversed several times per hour CSP: Concentrated Solar Power BW: Brackish Water; SW: Sea Water Note: cost calculated at the exchange rate of 1.3 from euro to USD. 14 Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology BriefPDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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