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Wind Energy Development in the Great Lakes Region: Current Issues and Public Opinion Regulating Wind: Not as Local as One Might Expect In addition to gauging support for additional wind energy development and the level of agreement with commonly discussed impacts of wind energy, the Great Lakes Region Public Opinion Survey also asked a series of questions about who should be responsible for making decisions about where wind turbines will be built. As the state profiles indicated, regulatory authority varies across the Basin. Some states (Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania) grant local government the power to set land-use regulations for wind energy projects. In others (Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Ontario), such decisions are made centrally at the state/province level. Federal governments in both the US and Canada, though involved in land-use decisions for other types of energy development (e.g., siting pipelines and transmission lines), largely leave wind regulation up to states/provinces. The case for more centralized state or federal regulation is two-fold. First, local regulation may be particularly onerous on wind developments given the geographic scale required for economic viability. While a traditional power plant might be sited on a single parcel of perhaps a couple thousand acres, modern windfarms often spread over hundreds of parcels and tens of thousands of acres, increasing the likelihood that they would extend beyond the confines of a local municipality. When turbine siting rules are set at the local level, developers on a single wind project may need to comply with land-use regulations of multiple jurisdictions. Second, economically-viable sites for wind development are already greatly limited by the availability of wind resources, large tracts of open land, and proximity to transmission lines. In some states, this may mean that there are only a few dozen sites for viable wind projects, and successful local opposition could completely derail the state’s ability to include wind energy into its energy mix, seriously jeopardizing the achievement of RPS targets without greatly increasing the use of more costly renewable technologies. This, however, stands in sharp contrast to a tradition of local land-use control in the US and a widely perceived public preference for local control among both Americans and Canadians. Rather than being an exception to the rule, local governments proliferate in the Great Lakes Region: Illinois leads the US in total number of local governments, Pennsylvania ranks third, and Indiana, the Great Lakes state with the fewest local government units, ranks thirteenth in the nation.50 This might suggest strong public support for locally-based wind siting governance. To the contrary, our survey found that nearly everyone in the Basin believes that all levels of government should have some authority to regulate where wind turbines are located (see Table 2). Residents believe that landowners should be given the most authority (92%), and federal government the least (72%), but even so, a comfortable majority of residents think that the federal government should have some authority in siting regulations. Table 2 Support for wind regulation authority at different levels of the federal system “Wind turbines are sometimes regulated in terms of their location, height, setbacks, and so on. For each of the following entities, how much authority do you think they should have for such decisions regarding wind turbines?” Provincial/State Governments 40% 50% 6% 3% LandOwners 50% 42% 4% 4% Note: Margin of error ±4% The Federal Government Great Deal of Authority 25% Some Authority No Authority Not Sure 47% 23% 5% Local Governments 36% 55% 7% 3% 13PDF Image | Wind Energy Development in the Great Lakes Region
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