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Page 18 Analysis of possibilities for 1MW electricity generation from waste heat in the port of Rotterdam 1.6 History and development of Kalina cycle The Kalina cycle was developed by Dr. Alexander Kalina; it was first published in 1984 and it was patented in 1987 by the company that he created, Exergy Inc. The Canoga Park Demonstration Plant in California was the first plant using the Kalina cycle. It ran between 1991 and 1997 for a total amount of 9.000 h of operation [Ref.16]. It used turbine inlet vapor at 515oC, which is much higher than the usual waste heat available. It proved, however, the viability of the cycle. Another demonstration was carried out in Fukuoka (Japan) where the Kalina cycle was used in an incineration plant. 200 tonnes of municipal solid waste are burnt daily and it supplied 4.5MW of electric power between 1998 and 1999 [Ref. 20]. The first commercial plant was also built in Japan in 1999 by Sumitomo Metals Kashima Steelworks. It produces 3.1 MW using waste heat from the steel plant. The hot source is water at 98oC [Ref 12 and 13]. The first geothermal power plant was built in 2000 in Húsavik, Iceland. It uses hot homoeothermal water at 124oC and cold water at 4oC and the net electrical power is 2,0 MW. It is a Combined Heat and Power plant so the remaining heat from the hot source (at 80oC) is used for District Heating of the town [Ref. 17]. In 2002 another Waste Heat Recovery plant was built inside the Tokyo Bay Fuji Oil refinery and it yields up to 3,9 MW of electric power [Ref. 16]. In 2009 Siemens built a geothermal plant in Germany, in the town of Unterhaching and the electrical power output is 3 MW. As in the Húsavik case, the rejected hot water was used for District Heating [Ref. 21]. In December 2009 another geothermal plant was built in Germany, in Bruchsal. The operator is EnBW and the contractor was Siemens. The electrical power is 500 kW , the hot source is at 120oC and the mass flow is 24 litres per second of water [Ref. 22]. In 2010 another Kalina pilot plant was built in Taiwan, in the Qingshui geothermal field. It is owned by Shanghai Shenghe New Energy and Resources and it produces 60 kW from a 110oC hot source [Ref. 19].PDF Image | 1MW electricity generation from waste heat port of Rotterdam
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