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Figure 5 Figure 4 is the process flow diagram of the recuperated two-phase cycle. The recuperated two-phase process is used by Ormat in many geothermal projects all over the world, such as 20 MW Zunil in Guatemala geothermal power plant (Figure 6), 14 MW Ribeira Grande I and II geothermal power plants in San Miguel in the Azores, 1.8 MW Oserian and 13 MW Olkaria III geothermal power plants in Kenya, 6.5 MW Rotokawa Extension and 12 MW Ngawha geothermal power plants in New Zealand, and 2.2 MW Hatchobaru geothermal power plant in Japan (Figure 7). Figure 6 Figure 7 Higher Enthalpy Two-Phase Geothermal Power Plant When the resource enthalpy is higher, and as a result the proportion of steam in the total fluid increases, the "perfect match" between the heat source and the working fluid is not maintained, and thus some of the available heat or the available exergy is not used for power generation. Advanced Organic Rankine Cycle Using a Secondary Organic Loop To utilize the two-phase heat source in a more efficient manner, one can use a secondary organic loop, which uses the extra steam available. The cycle is shown in Figure 8 and is feasible when vapor extraction is possible within the expansion phase of the organic cycle. The simplest way to perform the extraction is with two turbines in series. In this case, some vapor is extracted between the high pressure and the low pressure turbines and is condensed at an intermediate pressure (and temperature). The condensed vapor preheats the main organic fluid stream as it exits the recuperator. The extracted organic fluid forms a secondary cycle which generates an additional 5 to 8% electrical power. When there is extra steam compared to brine (higher enthalpy) the above cycle is effective and the cooling temperature of the brine plus condensate is limited. Figure 8 Figure 9 is a Q/T diagram of the higher enthalpy cases. Line A is the simple two-phase cycle preheating phase. The significant irreversibility is represented by the large space between the steam and brine lines and line A. Line B shows the preheating phase in a recuperated two-phase cycle; the irreversibility is reduced and the cycle efficiency is increased accordingly. The third line - C - demonstrates the additional gain in efficiency by using the two-phase/extraction cycle. The line moves further to the right, thus decreasing the gap between the heating line and the working fluid line. Another indication of the increase in efficiency from cycle A to B and to C, is the increasing heat quantity for heating the working fluid, as presented by points QA, QB, and QC. Figure 9 Applying the exergy equations on the two-phase/extraction cycle proposed for a moderate enthalpy resource in New Zealand results in the following: e = 353.2 kJ/kg m = 86.53 kg/secPDF Image | Advanced Organic Rankine Cycles in Binary Geothermal
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