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1. Introduction Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) is a closed power cycle composed of four basic components. Heat is supplied to a heater where the compressed liquid is converted to a superheated vapor at constant pressure. The vapor is then expanded through a turbine stage to produce a work output. For an impulse turbine stage, the flow is expanded through a stator stage or through nozzles. Vapor leaving the turbine then enters the condenser where heat is removed until the vapor is condensed into the liquid state. Saturated liquid is then delivered to a pump, which raises the pressure of the liquid and is then delivered back to the heater where the cycle then repeats. Then, ORCs are similar to the large steam Rankine cycle but the main difference is that ORCs utilize heavy working fluids, i.e., organic compounds, which result in superior efficiency over steam Rankine cycle engines for heat source temperatures below around 900 K. ORCs typically require only a single-stage expander which consists of a single rotating component for the entire system in the turbine stage, making them much simpler than multi-stage expanders typical of the steam Rankine cycle. Typically, the working fluids are of retrograde type. Therefore it is not necessary a reheat which greatly simplifies the cycle structure. Moreover the risk of blade erosion is avoided due to the absence of moisture in the vapor nozzle. ORCs are an appealing option for remote, low power applications because of its mechanical simplicity. Such simplicity also gives ORCs obvious advantages in manufacturing cost and reliability over other types of small engines that are more mechanically complex, e.g., typical two or four-stroke engine generators, multistage gas turbine engines, and reciprocating Stirling engines. Indeed, the main characteristics of an ORCs are a very high turbine efficiency, a long life, and minimum maintenance requirements. For the past several decades, thousands of ORCs have been developed and used for remote terrestrial applications with power outputs ranging from 1 to 1000 kW. A few examples of remote applications that have used efficient, reliable, unattended ORCs power sources include communication stations, data gathering buoys, satellite communication power supplies, as well as irrigation pumps, air conditioners, and turbogenerators. The most recent developments in ORCs technology have focused on using the following three renewable energies as heat sources: solar, geothermal, waste heat. 17PDF Image | ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF DENSE GAS FLOWS: APPLICATION TO ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES TURBINES
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