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Figure 2.1 Process flow sheet of an ORC plant with recuperator (Lienz plant) Biomass is burned in a common moving or fixed grate combustor with automatic ash disposal and biomass feeding system. The heat is then taken up in the boiler where thermal oil is used as heat transfer medium instead of water as in a steam cycle. The oil speeds is relatively high to avoid hot spots and keep the oil temperature in the range of 250-300°C. The exhaust gases are cooled in a gas/water economizer to increase the total boiler efficiency to about 80%. In some cases (depending on the fuel used) an air pre heater can be installed, [16]. The heated thermal oil from the boiler runs through a heat exchanger (3-6), evaporating the organic working medium (toluene, isopentane, isooctane or polysiloxane oil) present in the ORC-cycle, [16]. The evaporated medium is expanded in an axial-flow turbine (6-7) which runs at low speed allowing it to be directly connected to a generator, thus minimizing the mechanical losses. Further downstream the expanded organic medium is cooled in a regenerator (7-8) to increase the ORC-cycle efficiency. After the regenerator the organic medium is condensed in the district heat condenser (8-1) producing hot water at a temperature of 80-90°C which is suitable for district heating. Furthermore the fluid is pumped back to the thermal oil heat exchanger (1-2) to close the cycle, [16]. As mentioned the ORC-cycle is very similar to a Rankine cycle, the main difference is the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. Figure 2.2 shows a T-S diagram for an ORC- cycle using a working medium with negative slope on the saturation curve (i.e. isopentane). The same denotations are used as for the ORC-cycle in Figure 2.1. 12PDF Image | Biomass Based Small Scale Combined Heat and Power Tech
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