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G. Biomass Combustion Direct Combustion Direct combustion of biomass involves the oxidation of the fuel with the presence of excess air. This process generates hot flue gases which in turn frequently are used to produce steam in the heat exchanger of a boiler. The different states that occurs when increasing the temperature in a specific biofuel is listed below: 1. At 100-200 °C the moisture “trapped” in the fuel starts to evaporate. 2. At temperatures above 350°C the pyrolysis process starts (gasification) 3. When the temperature reach 600° C these pyrolysis gases ignite (if enough oxygen is present), this is the visible flame. 4. At temperatures above 800°C the coal and tar combustion starts. At present there are numerous types of combustors commercially available. These combustors can be divided into three groups fixed bed, fluidized bed and powder burners, [55]. Fixed Bed Underfeed Stokers The most common technology used in small scale systems are the underfeed stoker furnace. The main advantages are that it is a relatively cheap and easy to operate. Fuel is fed into the furnace from below by a screw conveyor and then forced upwards into the grate where combustion occurs. This technology is limited to a fuel of low ash content such as wood chips, [56]. Grate Firing The oldest and currently most used type is the grate boiler, the main principle is that fuel is placed to rest on a grate and air is supplied separately either below (through) or above the grate. In some cases secondary air can be supplied above the grate to ensure full combustion of the tars. The main problems regarding grate combustors is maintain the grate at a low temperatures and to get a proper distribution of fuel over the grate. There are also problems with achieving complete burnout and ash removal systems. However since this is a well developed technique, different solution has been introduced to face out these obstacles for 87PDF Image | Biomass Based Small Scale Combined Heat and Power Tech
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