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I. BiomassFuels The term biomass is frequently referred to throughout this study. Biomass could be defined as all organic matter including wood, agricultural crops and waste, short rotation forest municipal and industrial wastes, aquatic plants and animal wastes, [61]. However biomass for commercial usage in a CHP plant is primarily wood residues from sawmills but also residues from the forest industry. Furthermore agricultural biomass is also regularly used as fuel, the most common crops are straw, Salix, and Reed Canary Grass. Forest Fuels Forest fuels are defined as felling residues and sawmill and pulp industry waste such as twigs and tops, brittle trees, tree parts, saw dust, and bark. They all have different properties regarding moisture content, type of wood, densities and purity. Despite of those different attributes there are extensively used in heat production industry. However the industry waste is often taken care of in the same industry that it is generated in and the felling residues is often scatters on vast areas where felling has occurred. In fact with respect to economic and technical difficulties, the major part of the felling residue assets is inaccessible. With present technology one should count with -10% for increased environmental ambition – 30% for technical loss and -50% for long transport routes. Nevertheless felling residue is the most used biomass fuel and probably will continue to be in the near future. The heating value is around 19 GJ/ton dry, [62]. Refined Biofuels Some processes considered in this study require further refinement of the biomass before utilization. This is especially true for smaller plants, which can not afford expensive automatic fuel handling systems. Refined bio fuels refer to Pellets, powder and briquettes. Pellets Pellets are used in plants with thermal powers between 0.2-1.6 MWth. In simple terms pellets can be seen as compressed sawdust, hence it can easily be converted back to dust if this is required. The high density of pellets gives it similar combustions properties as coal and is therefore frequently used as a coal replacement. The moisture content is ~8% wt with a heating value of ~4.8 kWh/kg, [63]. 93PDF Image | Biomass Based Small Scale Combined Heat and Power Tech
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