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Technology Development As the OFC is developed into a prototype there is the risk that the prototype will not perform as well as expected. This risk depends on the reliability of the model used by Dr. Ho. However, Dr. How has used a very reliable and validated model, based on the semi-empirical BACKONE equations and the empirical Span-Wagner equations, which are well known in the scientific community.98 The prototype is therefore expected to perform as claimed and we expect the construction of the prototype to proceed without major technology development risks. Incumbent Technologies There may be some technologies that may be more advanced and efficient than the basic ORC and be competitive with the potential gains achieved by the OFC. Some already exist today, such as the Kalina Cycle, while others are under development, such as piezoelectrics.99 The following paragraphs identify potential competitors to the OFC and provide a description of existing technologies as well as technologies under development. Existing Technology: 1) Kalina Cycle: The Kalina Cycle is a variant of the Rankine Cycle, where a mixture of ammonia plus water is used instead of water only. The use of this mixture can increase the efficiency up to 25%. However, the Kalina Cycle brings a great amount of complexity and despite the fact that it was developed in the 1980s, it is still far from being competitive in the market compared to simpler heat to power technologies. Since the Kalina Cycle has been in the market for a long time but few installations exist today, rapid market adoption is not expected in the near-term100. 2) Cascade ORC: Cascade ORC consists involves coupling multiple ORC systems together. The exhaust of one ORC system is used as the heat source for another ORC system. In this way the overall system efficiency is increased. However, this cycle can be quite expensive given the added systems, and is typically used only in select cases where the economics can justify the additional costs.101 Technologies Under Development: 1) Supercritical ORC: Supercritical ORC systems have reached a development stage and are close to market entry. It is claimed that Supercritical ORC systems can obtain an efficiency gain of up to 8%-9% over the traditional ORC.102 While it is known that Turboden is currently testing a prototype,103 performance and cost data for the system have not been published. 35PDF Image | ElectraTherm Commissions 10 Green Machines
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