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2) Thermoelectrics: Thermoelectric (“TE”) materials are semiconductor solids that allow direct generation of electricity when subjected to a temperature differential104. These systems are based on a phenomenon known as the Seebeck effect. Most TE generation systems in use have efficiencies of 2%-5%. However, recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled advanced TE materials that might achieve conversion efficiencies of 15% or greater. 3) Piezoelectrics: Piezoelectric Power Generation (“PEPG”) is an option for converting low temperature waste heat to electrical energy 105 . Piezoelectric devices convert mechanical energy in the form of ambient vibrations to electrical energy. A piezoelectric thin film membrane can take advantage of oscillatory gas expansion to create a voltage output. While the conversion efficiency of PEPG technology is currently very low (1%), there may be opportunities to use PEPG cascading, in which case efficiencies could reach roughly 10%. The advantage of the OFC compared to the aforementioned technologies is simplicity; relative to the others, the OFC’s modifications compared to a traditional ORC are minor. Specially, using an OFC system can actually decrease capital costs, whereas the cost for the Kalina Cycle and Cascade ORC is more significant. Moreover, even if the development of the OFC has not yet started, the system can be developed much more quickly than thermoelectric and piezoelectrics, since all OFC components are readily available. In short, the technological complexity of the OFC is far less than both thermoelectrics and piezoelectrics. Thus, it appears that Supercritical ORC may be OFC’s biggest competitor. In the next phase the OFC’s commercialization, we recommend carefully studying the Supercritical ORC and identifying the OFC’s unique points of differentiation over this technology. Total Cost of Ownership The total cost of ownership of the OFC includes operations and maintenance costs (O&M). As mentioned previously, our team considered the O&M costs for the OFC to be the same as the ORC for the purposes of our cost assessment. However, it is important to note that the potential for increased O&M costs for the OFC exists, simply because the OFC utilizes more system components, such as an additional turbine. On the other hand, the simplification of the heater relative to the ORC may deliver a significant decrease in O&M costs. For a precise evaluation of O&M costs, we recommend conducting an analysis of the system failure modes using a fault tree method should be made for OFC systems. In the absence of this analysis, our hypothesis is that O&M costs will not undermine the value proposition of OFC. 36PDF Image | ElectraTherm Commissions 10 Green Machines
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