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Table ES-4. Energy Supply 90.20 429.80 155 17.17 51.00 6.42 225 Some 80 74 90.20 222 0.35 584.80 1,536 0.31 23.82 74 0.43 51.15 189 0.37 52.40 45 0.30 76.10 315 0.32 0.36 926.97 2,503 0.31 Nation Generation Mix Diesel / Oil (MW) Gas (MW) Hydro (MW) Wind (kW) Solar (kW) Total Capacity (MW) Net Sales (GWh) Average Price in 2008 ($ / KWh) Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Dominica Grenada St. Kitts and Nevis 50.80 1,600 76.00 100 758.27 155 11.62 1,905 174 Values for 2008. Includes distributed generation, where known. Sources: Refer to sections on each nation. Generation and Fuel Efficiency St. Lucia 43.30 5.2 48.50 123 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Total In the Caribbean region, the most common generation technology currently used is medium-speed/low- speed internal combustion engines running on diesel or heavy fuel oil. Although such generators generally are reliable and easy to maintain, their typical generation efficiency is 30% to 40% (Nexant 2010, p. 8.10). These percentages can be improved by updating the equipment to new, more efficient systems or by adding heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) to drive steam turbines. These modifications can improve efficiency by 10 to 20 percentage points. Fuel efficiency measures in terms of kilowatt-hour (kWh) yielded per imperial gallon of diesel fuel used are included in this report where available. The few hydro plants operating in Dominica and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) have opportunities to produce power more efficiently as well. The World Bank Report estimates that hydro plants in Dominica operate at 50% capacity factor, and those in SVG run at only 30% (Nexant 2010, pp. 5.3, 5.8). This source also discusses the efficient operation of both fossil-fuel and renewable generation technologies utilized in the region (Nexant 2010, pp. 8.4–8.31). Transmission and Distribution Efficiency In transmission and distribution, the transmission losses are easily measured and reported with effective metering at generation, transmission, and end-use points. These measurements are critical if utilities are to quantify and reduce technical and nontechnical distribution losses. In some instances, however, it is difficult to measure system efficiency. In St. Kitts and Nevis, government use of electricity is not metered. It has been reported that nontechnical losses in Nevis amount to more than 20% (Wilson 2009, p. 99). xiiPDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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