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opportunity to substantially improve energy efficiency in the Caribbean. As a point of reference, energy use in buildings typically accounts for one-third of all types of energy—and two-thirds of all electricity— consumed in the United States. Carefully designed and consistently enforced building codes and standards can lead to cost-effective reduction of energy demand (EPA 2007). Two model building codes, the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC) and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Code, were developed during the 1980s by CARICOM and OECS, respectively (Wason 2002). Model versions of these codes are not readily available; however, several unofficial versions are available, and are listed below. • Grenada draft building code, based on OECS code, hosted by Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project of OAS at: http://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/ gda_code/codedocs.htm (OAS 2001) • St. Lucia building code, based on OECS code, available on a builder’s website at: http://foshlaninc.com/knowledgebase/slu_building-codes/codepreface.htm (Foshlan 2005) • Trinidad & Tobago Small Building Code, based on CUBiC draft: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/JANUARY_2004/harnarine_jan04.html (Board of Engineering 2008) The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) performed an assessment of seismic and wind codes in 2003. The study compared the seismic and wind building codes of CUBiC, OECS, other Caribbean islands, and Central America. It found that the OECS seismic code is based on Structural Engineer’s Association of California (SEAOC) codes, with some sections from the Uniform Building Code (UBC), Applied Technology Council (ATC) codes, and New Zealand codes. The wind code is adapted from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 98 (ACS 2003). The International Energy Conservations Code (IECC) is another well-documented set of building codes that has found use in islands elsewhere. Hawaii and Puerto Rico have found the 2006 and 2009 versions of this code to be useful and applicable. (See http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/ incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=HI11R&RE=1&EE=1; http://bcap-ocean.org/news/2011/ february/25/puerto-rico-adopts-2009-iecc-and-eight-other-model-codes.) Building Code Adoption and Enforcement The Post-Georges Disaster Mitigation program (PGDM) was sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID and OAS) from 1998 to 2001. It surveyed the status of building codes in the Caribbean OAS Member States, including islands within the scope of this report. The PGDM matrix (Status of Building Codes in the Caribbean (as of August 2001) http://www.oas.org/pgdm/document/codemtrx.htm) provides a useful (though outdated) snapshot of code status, availability, and enforcement (Wason 2002). As model codes, CUBiC and the OECS code were intended to be adapted for local use, approved by the government, and locally enforced by each country. The government of St. Lucia appears to have led the OECS in local adoption, and several sources refer to the OECS code and St. Lucia’s interchangeably (ACS/EIRD 2003). Other OECS nations—including Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, and St. Kitts and Nevis—have drafted local versions of the codes. Unfortunately, many island governments have failed to pass regulations to formally adopt these codes, leaving them ignored or unenforced at a local level (Wason 2002). xivPDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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