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To provide future additions to capacity, the World Bank Report projects the optimal life-cycle technology mixes of each nation in this study, except for the Bahamas. Termed “least cost fuel combinations,” these can be considered as business-as-usual forecasts in the absence of renewable capacity development and electrical grid interconnections (Nexant 2010, p. 1.6; Jones and Kammen 2011). This World Bank report recommended the following “least cost” additional generation. • Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and St. Vincent and Grenadines (SVG): 10-MW diesel for peaking and mid-range duty, and a 10-MW coal-fueled circulating fluidized bed plant for base load duty. • Dominica, St. Kitts, and Nevis: 5-MW diesel for peaking, mid-range, and base load duty. • St. Lucia: 20-MW gas turbine for peaking duty, delivered via the proposed Eastern Caribbean Gas Pipeline from Trinidad, and 20-MW diesel for mid-range and base load duty (Nexant 2010, p. 1.6). Shipment and storage add to the costs of fossil fuels, especially in the Lesser Antilles, where fuel demand is small compared to larger continental markets and larger islands such as Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. Many of the islands have limited storage, leaving them vulnerable to interruptions due to weather or to worldwide oil market fluctuations. However, some large oil storage and transportation facilities exist in the region, including the following: • Antigua hosts the West Indies Oil Company (WIOC), a terminal with storage for 200,000 barrels of refined products; half is leased to PDVSA per PetroCaribe (Nexant 2010, p. 7.21). • Guadeloupe (France) has finished products storage for 630,000 barrels (Nexant 2010, p. 7.21). • Martinique (France) has a refinery with 503,000 barrels of storage for finished products (Nexant 2010, p. 7.21). • St. Lucia hosts a 9,000,000-barrel transshipment terminal owned by Hess Oil, with some capacity used to deliver products per PetroCaribe (Nexant 2010, p. 7.21). • St. Eustatius (Netherlands) hosts a 13,000,000-barrel regional storage facility for crude and refined products (Nexant 2010, p. 7.22). • The Eastern Caribbean Gas Pipeline (ECGP) is a proposed undersea natural gas pipeline that would export 50 million square cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) to Barbados and 100 MMSCFD to Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Lucia (Nexant 2010, pp. 7.6–7.11). Renewable Energy Resources for renewable energy are abundant throughout the Caribbean, and many can be accessed in the short term. Every island nation in the scope of this study has extensive wind and solar resources, and several have significant geothermal potential. In the long term, development of biomass energy and biofuels is possible given a concerted economy-wide effort, and ocean energy could be exploited in vast quantities once these technologies mature (Loy & Farrell 2005, p. 9). The Caribbean region has geographical and geological features that lead to unique opportunities for renewable energy technology implementation. Primarily, the active geological zone of the eastern Lesser Antilles chain offers a geothermal powerhouse. Throughout the Caribbean, the winter peak in wind coincides with the seasonal low in solar; in both cases the variations are modest compared to many parts of the world (Kammen 2010, p. 2). Current Renewable Energy Development Every nation discussed in this report is considering utility-scale wind power exploitation, and nations with legacy geothermal exploration either are developing these resources or are on course to do so in the near term. Currently, no utilities or independent power producers (IPPs) are considering utility-scale xviPDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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