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Geothermal power development has huge site-specific geological uncertainties, which make site selection, resource assessment, and financing difficult. Problems with site geology are an issue in St. Lucia, for example, where carbon dioxide and corrosive discharge have been found in exploratory drilling (Coles 2004, pp. 7–9). Financial and policy barriers also have held up exploration efforts in St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Dominica in the past. In each case, the government agreed to grant rights to geothermal resources, but the firms were unable to finance exploratory drilling for several years. Furthermore, the lack of agreement between the utility and the geothermal developer on how the latter can operate as an IPP presents another barrier. For example, West Indies Power (WIP) currently is negotiating in both St. Kitts (West Indies Power 2010) and Dominica, but no power purchase agreement (PPA) is yet available (DOMLEC 2008, p. 21). In St. Vincent, the government reached a 30-year agreement, but neither the terms nor the identity of the IPP were made public (Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010, pp. 22, 32). Solar The Caribbean region has opportunities for a range of solar energy technologies, primarily distributed solar water heating (SWH) and photovoltaics (PV). As noted, solar exhibits little seasonal variation, and is countercyclical to wind over the course of the year (Kammen 2010, p. 2). As part of this work, NREL contracted with Clean Power Research (www.cleanpower.com) to develop solar irradiance maps based on data from 1998 to 2010. These maps use a modified version of the Perez diffuse-irradiance model (Perez 1987, 1994) to estimate the solar energy reaching the earth’s surface by analyzing satellite data. The method estimates global horizontal irradiation (GHI) (i.e., the total solar irradiation; the sum of direct, diffuse, and ground-reflected radiation) and direct normal irradiation (DNI) (i.e., the irradiation that comes directly from the sun). The global horizontal irradiation is important for solar PV systems and the direct normal irradiation is important for concentrating solar systems (Hollingsworth 2010). All of the islands studied had a good-to-excellent solar resource for photovoltaics with GHI exceeding 5.5 kWh/m2/day. This is comparable to the GHI resource found in the southwestern United States. The GHI in the Bahamas was somewhat less, but the high electricity costs in these islands means that solar PV systems likely still are economical. The solar data indicates that flat-panel solar photovoltaic and solar hot water systems should perform well in the region. For most islands, the leeward side of the island had a poorer solar resource that the windward side. Geothermal Steam, Nevis #3 Slim Hole Site, Nevis (Source: Small Ship Cruises.com) xxivPDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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