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assess the trade-offs of proposed policies, plans, and actions. The EAP for SVG—prepared with the assistance of CREDP/GTZ and OAS/CSEP—forecasts possible energy scenarios in the nation up to 2030 (Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010, pp. 26, 29). • Government policy should allow for new technology and markets. The possibility of widespread solar water heater adoption or advances in ocean power technology, among other possible developments, could present governments with unforeseen energy issues, for better or worse. As an example, the Geothermal Resources Development Ordinance in Nevis prepared with the assistance of OAS/GSEII acts as a general NEP for that island. Although it was drafted to address geothermal development, the law was subsequently found to be useful as the nation’s general energy policy (Wilson 2009, pp. 100–101). This report makes the following recommendations to improve efficiency in electricity supply: • Governments can enact environmental regulations to address fuel waste. Governments concerned with waste of fuel should enact environmental regulations to compel managerial accountability and best practices for utilities and other companies involved in fuel transportation, storage, and generation. This is a particular concern for the Bahamas, their NEP draft reports that spills and leaks in storage equipment contribute to excessive losses of fuel (NEPC 2008, p. 9). • Utilities should report their fuel efficiency (heat rates) and work together to improve efficiency of existing generation. Utilities should consider investing in more efficient generators and heat recovery steam generators. Updating old generators or adding HRSGs can improve the efficiency of these systems by 10% to 20%. Modern generators also are better able to match the variable demand caused by intermittent sources of renewable energy, such as wind and solar. In Jamaica, for example, more than 50% of the Jamaica Public Service Company Limited (JPS) capacity is more than 30 years old, and the average thermal efficiency of the JPS plants is 28%. Most of these plants are oil fired and combustion plants. To benefit from increased fuel and process efficiency, the JPS currently is procuring new capacity that includes wind turbines and approximately 200 MW of combined-cycle natural gas plants. • Governments and utilities can work toward better end-use metering. Improved metering helps minimize technical and non-technical losses. Some island nations, such as Palau, have found that prepaid metering systems reduce customer default and encourage energy conservation by allowing the user to see energy use in real time. In 2006, for example, the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (T&TEC) developed a plan to install more than 40,000 automated meters across its customer base. These meters allow for advanced functionality, such as outage notification, hourly meter reads, and load-profile data, improving distribution efficiency as well as metering-billing efficiency. By 2008, sixteen-thousand meters had been installed. • Water conservation should be considered. It takes energy to move and treat water. On islands where desalinization is required, large quantities of energy are spent generating drinking water. Water conservation and rainwater collection are two tactics that can help island nations reduce energy use. Residential water provision through rain water harvesting is particularly popular in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) where since the 1930s there has been a mandatory law in the building code requiring private residence and businesses to construct cisterns for the capture and storage of rainwater from rooftops for domestic water supply. Cistern building is now a standard component of residential construction, so much so that currently only about 20% of residential electricity customers also have a water connection. This amounts to long term cost savings for residents and also reduces the demand on the utility’s desalination plants, reducing energy use. Other islands such xxxivPDF Image | Energy Policy and Analysis Caribbean
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